In the third millennium B.C., the Indus Civilization flourished in northwest India and Pakistan. The late mature phase (2200-1900 B.C.) was characterized by long-distance exchange networks, planned urban settlements, sanitation facilities, standardized weights and measures, and a sphere of influence over 1,000,000 square kilometers of territory. Recent paleoclimate reconstructions from the Beas...

Urbanism in the Indian subcontinent occurred in three distinct time periods in which cultural cohesion over large regions is archaeologically demonstrated through the architecture and artifacts of social, ritual, and economic activity. In the Indus (2500– 1900 B.C.) and Early Historic (3rd century B.C. to 4th century A.D.) periods, cities were not necessarily tied to political territories or gu...

Uplift and erosion of the Himalayas Tibetan Plateau have resulted in deposition some largest sedimentary masses on Earth. Chemical weathering these materials has been invoked as a primary driver long-term global cooling because silicate material consumes atmospheric CO2. We here combine geochemical data from scientific drill sites Arabian South China Seas, together with sediment mass flux budge...

BACKGROUND Rabies is a uniformly fatal disease, but preventable by timely and correct use of post exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Unfortunately, many health care facilities in Pakistan do not carry modern life-saving vaccines and rabies immunoglobulin (RIG), assuming them to be prohibitively expensive and unsafe. Consequently, Emergency Department (ED) health care professionals remain untrained in ...

River buffalo, Bubalus bubalis is a large bovine species frequently used livestock in southern Asia. It is believed that the river buffalo was domesticated from Bubalus arnee, the wild buffalo of mainland Asia, a few thousand years ago, probably during the period of Indus Valley civilization. However, the domestication history of the river buffalo has been the subject of debate for many decades...

Raphanus sativus L. ‘Radish’ locally known as Fijl, is a Brassicaceous plant of cabbage family which has been reputed for its benefic medicinal properties. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the freshly squeezed Radish juice (FRJ) for its anti-gastric ulcer activity in experimental models, besides preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening. Oral administration of FRJ in doses of ...

T HE DISASTER IN LEH. Less than 1 week after the catastrophic slow-rise flooding of the Indus River in Pakistan in late July 2010 (Houze et al. 2011), f looding of a different, more sudden type produced a disaster in the city of Leh, India, located 500 km to the east. The town of Leh, located in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir State in India, is a high-altitude cold desert valley, 3,500 ...

T HE DISASTER IN LEH. Less than 1 week after the catastrophic slow-rise flooding of the Indus River in Pakistan in late July 2010 (Houze et al. 2011), f looding of a different, more sudden type produced a disaster in the city of Leh, India, located 500 km to the east. The town of Leh, located in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir State in India, is a high-altitude cold desert valley, 3,500 ...