Chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) is a chlorination by-product in finished drinking water and a toxic metabolite of a wide variety of industrial chemicals (e.g. vinyl chloride) and chemotherapeutic agents (e.g. cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide). In this research, the cytotoxic mechanisms of CAA in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were investigated.CAA cytotoxicity was associated with reactive oxygen spec...

In this research, we investigated the cytotoxic mechanisms of one of the widely used pharmaceuticals that are regularly associated with the adverse effects on the liver, sometimes leading to acute liver failure, diclofenac. Diclofenac liver cytotoxicity was associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and lipid peroxidation which were inhibited by antioxidants and ROS scavengers, fer...

Introduction: Learning and memory processes result from interaction of neurotransmitter systems in various brain regions such as amygdala and hippocampus. Considering that morphine induces memory impairment, in the current study, we examined the possible role of cholinergic muscarinic receptors of the central amygdala (CeA) on the morphine-induced amnesia in adult male Wistar rats. Methods...

      Addition of n-butyl nitrite to isolated rat hepatocytes caused an immediate glutathione depletion followed by an inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, inhi- bition of glycolysis and ATP depletion. At cytotoxic butyl nitrite concentrations, lipid  peroxidation  occurred  before  the  plasma  membrane  was  disrupted. Cytochrome P-450 inhibitors inhibited peroxynitrite formation and prev...

Introduction: The mechanisms of hepatic encephalopathy are not fully understood. Moreover, there is no comprehensive data concerning the effects of nitric oxide (NO) system on anxiolytic-like behaviors induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). Methods: Male mice weighing 25-30 g were used and anxiety-like behaviors were tested using hole-board task. Results: The data indicated that cholestasis incre...

objective(s) several lines of evidence indicate that neuropeptides exhibit protective properties against gastroduodenal ulcers. neurotensin, a gut-brain neuropeptide, is implicated in a number of physiological processes in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues including gastrointestinal tract. in the present study, we aimed to investigate the gastroprotective potential of either per...

Chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) is a chlorination by-product in finished drinking water and a toxic metabolite of a wide variety of industrial chemicals (e.g. vinyl chloride) and chemotherapeutic agents (e.g. cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide). In this research, the cytotoxic mechanisms of CAA in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were investigated.CAA cytotoxicity was associated with reactive oxygen spec...

Objective(s): Oxytocin is involved in modulation of many brain-mediated functions. In the present study, we investigated the central effects of oxytocin and its receptor antagonist, atosiban on inflammatory pain. The contribution of opiate receptors was explored using non-selective and selective antagonists. Materials and Methods: The fourth ventricle of the brain of anesthetized rats was impla...

Background: Recent results have provided increasing evidence to support involvement of membrane damage in the mechanism of ionizing radiation induced killing of mammalian cells. These findings have stimulated renewed interest in evaluating the damage to membrane as a primary initiator in radiation-induced cell killing especially in apoptotic death. The present study was aimed to gain deeper ins...

Background: Diabetes mellitus in some clinical cases is accompanied with hyperalgesia. In this study, we evaluated the possible beneficial effect of chronic pelargonidin (PG) treatment on hyperalgesia in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic neuropathic rat. Methods: Male Wistar rats (n = 56) were divided into seven groups, i.e. control, diabetic, PG-treated control, PG (single- and multiple-dose)-trea...