We study the problem of locally distinguishing pure quantum states using shared entanglement as a resource. For a given set of locally indistinguishable states we define a resource state to be useful if it can enhance local distinguishability and optimal if it can distinguish the states as well as global measurements and is also minimal with respect to a partial ordering defined by entanglement...

A decomposition of a molecular conformational space into sets or functions (states) allows for a reduced description of the dynamical behavior in terms of transition probabilities between these states. Spectral clustering of the corresponding transition probability matrix can then reveal metastabilities. The more states are used for the decomposition, the smaller the risk to cover multiple conf...

We present a unifying approach to the quantification of entanglement based on entanglement witnesses, which includes several already established entanglement measures such as the negativity, the concurrence, and the robustness of entanglement. We then introduce an infinite family of new entanglement quantifiers, having as its limits the best separable approximation measure and the generalized r...

Proton transfer reactivity of isolated charge states of the protein hen egg-white lysozyme shows that multiple distinct conformations of this protein are stable in the gas phase. The reactivities of the 9+ and 10+ charge state ions, formed by electrospray ionization of "native" (disulfide-intact) and "denatured" (disulfide-reduced) solutions, are consistent with values calculated for ions in th...

four patients are described in whom a follicular carcinoma developed following thyroidectomy for a benign follicular neoplasm. it is possible that the initial thyroid neoplasm was a well- differentiated follicular carcinoma which was microscopically indistinguishable from a benign adenoma. realizing this pathologic pitfall in thyroid diagnosis, the need for meticulous examination of the patholo...

We present an experimental demonstration of heralded single photons prepared in pure quantum states from a parametric down-conversion source. It is shown that, through controlling the modal structure of the photon pair emission, one can generate pairs in factorable states and thence eliminate the need for spectral filters in multiple-source interference schemes. Indistinguishable heralded photo...

Significant levels of IgG3 and IgG4 and high levels of IgG1 leishmania-specific antibody differentiated the immune states in 10 patients with visceral leishmaniasis from those of virtually all 20 drug-cured and 18 subclinically infected subjects, whereas the level of IgG2 antibody was nondiscriminating. The most extreme "subclinically infected" outlier subsequently developed disease. Overall, t...

In semiclassical theory, light is a classical electromagnetic wave and the fundamental source of photodetection noise is the shot effect arising from the discreteness of the electron charge. In quantum theory, light is a quantum-mechanical entity and the fundamental source of photodetection noise comes from measuring the photon-flux operator. The Glauber coherent states are Gaussian quantum sta...

Over the past few years much effort has been put into studying the entanglement of multipartite systems both qualitatively and quantitatively. Entangled states constitute a valuable resource in quantum information processing [1]. Quite recently, entanglement in quantum operations [2–4] and entanglement in indistinguishable fermionic and bosonic systems [5–7] have been considered. Entanglement i...