This chapter discusses some of the major indications and contraindications for colonoscopy. Advances in colonoscopic techniques have expanded the role of colonoscopy beyond conventional screening, surveillance, and diagnosis to various complex therapeutic and interventional utilities. Several guidelines with new information are being published and updated regularly in the field of colonoscopy a...

Results of endopyelotomy fall somewhat short of contemporary open pyeloplasty (67-95% versus 95100%). As most endopyelotomy series using different techniques achieve approximately the same results, it appears likely that selection criteria play a major role. Risk factors have been identified: the presence of vessels crossing directly the ureteropelvic junction stands out as a major prognostic f...

Tonsillectomy is the most common major surgery performed on children in the United States. Recurrent throat infections of either bacterial or viral etiology can cause significant morbidity and decreased quality of life, and potentially lead to life-threatening complications. When performed in the proper patient, tonsillectomy can be a highly effective procedure. Recent clinical trials have soug...

Caesarean section rates are rising. Caesarean section confers an increase in maternal mortality and morbidity as well as having considerable financial implications. Caesarean section is usually justified by the assumed benefit for the fetus. These benefits are often unquantified and based on scanty evidence. The changing trends in the rates of caesarean section for various indications may be ex...

ver the past 40 years, permanent pacemakers have become standard treatment for patients with symptomatic sinus node disease and documented, or suspected, high grade atrioventricular (AV) block. Permanent pacemakers were first developed for the treatment of heart block, often in young patients following surgical repair of congenital heart defects. These early pacemakers were primitive devices, a...

juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (jna) is a rare, benign and locally invasive tumor. massive bleeding because of vascularity of tumor and postoperative recurrence are potential problems of management. endonasal approach reduces the rate of postoperative recurrence, intraoperative bleeding, and complications of surgery, time of operation and duration of hospitalization. in this article, we r...

Apart from support of heart rate in patients of symptomatic bradycardia, in the last two decades, the indications of pacemakers have widened to prevent arrhythmias, optimise hemodynamic functions and suppress tachyarrhythmias. Pacemakers have been successfully used in Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM) to reduce LVOT gradient and in improving cardiac output in patients of dilated ca...

That certain aspects of susceptibility to transplantable tumors are genetic phenomena has been demonstrated in the case of a carcinoma and a sarcoma of the Japanese Waltzing micel 2 and in two mammary adenocarcinomata occurring in a special strain of highly inbred common domestic mice. 4,5 The acceptance of the view that susceptibility to transplanted neoplasms is fundamentally a genetic proble...

Since the first serendipitous selective coronary angiography was performed by pediatric cardiologist Dr. Mason Sones in 1958 during ventriculography and aortography (Sones et al., 1959), invasive coronary angiography has become well established as the diagnostic gold standard for coronary artery disease. Coronary angiography provides definitive information of “luminology” (radiographic outline ...