Gene expression studies require appropriate normalization methods for proper evaluation of reference genes. To date, not many studies have been reported on the identification of suitable reference genes in buffaloes. The present study was undertaken to determine the panel of suitable reference genes in heat-stressed buffalo mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Briefly, MEC culture from buffalo mamm...

Toxoplasmosis has been reported to occur in several animals and humans causing different clinical manifestations. The study was conducted to determine the frequency of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies (IgG) in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) across farms in Trinidad using a latex agglutination test. Of a total of 333 water buffalo tested, 26 (7.8%) were seropositive for T. gondii antibodies. Seropo...

Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF), a fatal disease of a large number of different ruminants, is caused by infection with either a blue or black wildebeest-associated alcephaline herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) or the sheep-associated ovine herpes virus 2 (OvHV-2).Wildebeest and sheep are the natural hosts of these viruses respectively. Both these forms of MCF are of great economic importance, particularly...

A previous study (Takahashi & Hanada, 1984) reported the penetration of zona-free hamster eggs by ejaculated bull spermatozoa after treatment with calcium ionophore A23187 (Ca-IA) in the presence of caffeine. Based on this study, successful IVF was accomplished not only in cattle (Hanada, 1986b) but also in goats and sheep (Hanada, 1986a) using spermatozoa treated with Ca-IA. In the present stu...

Pulmonary nocardiosis has been described in a four-month-old male buffalo calf (Bubalus bubalis) with a history of respiratory distress lasting ten days. Microscopic examination of tissue imprints from the infected lungs revealed numerous Gram-positive, acid-fast, fine, branched, filamentous organisms which were morphologically identical with those of Nocardia spp. Cultures of pneumonic lung sp...