We study the policy choices of an incumbent politician when voters imperfectly observe aggregate spending and the incumbent’s ability. We show that total spending is decreasing in the transparency of spending, but increasing in the transparency of the incumbent’s ability. The model further provides a possible explanation of the choice of inefficient tools of redistribution, and investigates the...

The lithium-doped nickel oxide (L-NiO) films were synthetized using the modified spray pyrolysis method with a two-step grown process. By observing the spectra of X-ray photoemission spectroscopy of L-NiO films, the intensity of Ni 2p3/2 peak of Ni3+ bonding state increases with increasing Li concentration that causes the decrease of transparency and resistivity. The L-NiO films with optimum ch...

Economic transparency will lead to economic stability and corruption decline. Thus the shortage of transparency mechanisms, laws and procedures will raise corruption and make it tough to cutout corruption. Also, loss of transparency in financial and economic system creates to instability, inappropriate allocation of resources, the boom of injustice and inequality and as a result paves the way f...

We characterize the price-transparency role of benchmarks in over-the-counter markets. A benchmark can, under conditions, raise total social surplus by increasing the volume of beneficial trade, facilitating more efficient trade matching between dealers and customers, and reducing total search costs. Although the improvement in market transparency caused by benchmarks lowers dealer profit margi...

We study how seller exit and continuing sellers’ behavior on eBay are affected by an improvement in market transparency. The improvement was achieved by reducing strategic bias in buyer ratings. It led to a significant increase in buyer satisfaction with seller performance, but not to an increase in seller exit. When sellers had the choice between exiting—a reduction in adverse selection—and im...

In constructing the percept of transparency, the visual system must decompose the light intensity at each image location into two components one for the partially transmissivc surface, the other for the underlying surface seen through it. Theories of perceptual transparency have typically assumed that this decomposition is defined quantitatively in terms of the inverse of some physical model (t...

organizational transparency has been considered by many experts in the past two decades. in the previous studies more attention has been taken to disclosure of the information; and the relations between the concepts of organizational transparency, organizational culture and performance has not been considered in this article as set forth. therefore, current research has been studied the effect ...

We propose and describe plasmonic nanomaterials with unique optical properties. These nanostructured materials strongly attenuate light across a broad wavelength interval ranged from 400 nm to 5 μm but exhibit a narrow transparency window centered at a given wavelength. The main elements used in our systems are nanorods and nanocrosses of variable sizes. The nanomaterial can be designed as a so...