The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of deductive instruction of grammar with input enhancement and without using input enhancement. It also explored the effectiveness of inductive instruction of grammar with input enhancement and without input enhancement among Iranian EFL learners. The participants were female intermediate-level students who were studying English a...

We consider the stabilization for 1-D hyperbolic differential equations with boundary input including a nonlinear disturbance. The time varying extended state observer (ESO) is designed to estimate the disturbance. Based on the estimated disturbance, we obtain an explicit controller by applying the backstepping method. It is shown that the closed-loop system of the 1-D hyperbolic differential e...

An adaptive nonlinear control law that incorporates the manipulator dynamics as well as dynamics of the actuator is developed in this article. The technique is based on nonlinear feedback linearization. The electrical parameters of the actuator are considered to be of uncertain values. In contrast to known methods the robot position is the only measurement available, a nonlinear observer is des...

sustainable development of the production in every region requires consideration of energy flow in the production system, moreover, investigating the production system inputs from environmental management point of view is of high importance. in this study energy use and greenhouse gas emissions is investigated. data were collected through interviews with 75 tea farmers and comparing the results...