recent studies in scientific education as well as foreign and second language instruction suggest that thinking has rarely been an integral part of education and training in classroom. some scholars decried the lack of emphasis on thinking in the institutes and schools. they noted that memorization and drills were rewarded,while inquiry, reflection, and consideration of alternatives were frowne...

تعریف مساله،اهداف و سوالات تحقیق: در زبان محاوره ایی، شکل یک شی را با اشیایی که از قبل در ذهن دارند می شناسند. به عنوان مثال اکثر مردم نقشه ایتالیا را شبیه چکمه و نقشه ایران را شکلی شبیه به گربه می دانند. در واقع تعریف شکل به این گونه، مفهومی کیفی را دنبال می کند. اما اگر یک محقق آماری علاقه مند به ارزیابی کمی اشکال براساس ساختار هندسی آنها باشد نیازمند تعریفی مناسبتر می باشد که به نوعی مفاهیم...

as some definitions show, idioms are expressions whose meanings cannot be obtained from individual words. in every society, people use their own conceptions and feelings through different idioms and expressions. so every culture and society has their own idioms. some scholars proposed methods for translating idioms but baker’s strategies are very important and constructive. this research tried ...

the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of task repetition on accuracy of iranian efl learners ’speaking ability. in order to achieve this purpose, a null hypothesis was developed: there is no statistically significant difference between accuracy speaking ability in iranian efl learners by use of task repetition. ; of course i should mention that, beside this null hypothesis, an...

abstract this study investigated the predictability of variables from a motivational framework as well as individuals qualities to predict three non-linguistic outcomes of language learning. gardners socio-educational model with its measures has been used in the current study. individual qualities presented in this study include (1) age, (2) gender, and (3) language learning experience. the...

to teach english adequately, qualified teachers are needed. unfortunately, there are still teachers who are teaching english without an academic degree in tefl. it is necessary for teachers to have a major in english to have subject knowledge, but it is not sufficient. teachers need to have an understanding of the social, cultural, moral, ethical, and pedagogical issues of education and practic...