I prove that if markets are efficient, meaning current prices fully reflect all information available in past prices, then P = NP , meaning every computational problem whose solution can be verified in polynomial time can also be solved in polynomial time. I also prove the converse by showing how we can “program” the market to solve NP -complete problems. Since P probably does not equal NP , ma...

Most teachers give written feedback because it is a required deliverable, like a checkout assistant handing every customer the printed receipt, even though few use them. However there is no point in giving feedback unless the learner uses it: modifies or actively reappraises something specific as a result. This paper explores the theoretical and practical implications of taking this as the star...

Overlap function (which has symmetry and continuity) is widely used in image processing, data classification, multi-attribute decision making problems. In recent years, theoretical research on overlap been extended to interval valued lattice function, but intuitionistic fuzzy (IF-overlap function) not studied. this paper, the concept of IF-overlap proposed for first time, then generating method...