Drugs of abuse alter expression of AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunits (GluRs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key component of brain reward systems. The impact of this regulation on general motivational states is unclear. Here, we used herpes simplex virus vectors to examine how transient increases in the expression of GluR1 or GluR2 protein in the shell component of NAc affect the rewardi...

Today’s Industrial Control Systems (ICSs) operating in critical infrastructures (CIs) are becoming more and more complex, moreover they are extensively interconnected with corporate information systems for monitoring, management and maintenance. This increasingly exposes ICSs to modern advanced cyber threats. Existing security solutions try to prevent, detect, and react to cyber threats by empl...

In the runway model of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) experimentation, the experimental animal is timed in running a fixed distance to depress a lever that releases electrical stimulation to an electrode implanted along its medial forebrain bundle. This ICSS has both a reward and a motivational component. Using the runway method and priming stimulation, we designed an experimental method ...

Severe asthma is defined as asthma that requires treatment with high-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) plus a second controller and/or systemic corticosteroids to prevent it from becoming uncontrolled or that remains uncontrolled despite this therapy. This definition has limitations: 1) it does not define any biological characteristic that distinguishes severe asthma from asthma in general an...

This study investigates the dark side of biomass technology innovations on households’ subjective well-being (SWB) in Uganda. The concerns households moving away from intangible cultural cooking heritages that they have preserved for a long time. These are important to understand as contribute policy decisions sustainable society transformation (sustainability transitions) clean energy sector. ...

Increasing dependence on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) especially the Internet in Industrial Control Systems (ICS) has made these systems primary target of cyber-attacks. As ICS are extensively used Critical Infrastructures (CI), this makes CI more vulnerable to cyber-attacks their protection becomes an important issue. On other hand, cyberattacks can exploit not only softwar...

In the cotton-production zone of Burkina Faso, poor soil fertility and limited access to appropriate fertilizers call for alternative approaches sustain productivity, such as introduction more legumes into agroecosystem. Legumes have nearly disappeared from local cropping systems under pressure cotton monocropping model. To develop new legume-based using a bottom-up approach, this study was bas...

The development of information and communication technologies extended the application digitalized industrial control systems (ICSs) to critical infrastructure. With this circumstance, emerging sophisticated cyberattacks by adversaries, including nation-backed terrorists, target ICSs due their strategic value that infrastructure can cause severe consequences equipment, people, environment on IC...

In this article, we test for the presence of structural breaks in volatility by two alternative approaches: the Iterative Cumulative Sum of Squares (ICSS) algorithm and wavelet analysis. Specifically, we look at the effect of the outbreak of the Asian crisis and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 on Emerging Asia, Europe, Latin America and North America’s stock markets. In addition, we...