Research on initial coin offerings (ICOs) is nascent and assesses ICOs from the perspectives of ventures regulators. Little known about equally important group investors who provide their capital to in ICOs. Using a primary dataset 517 ICO investors, we identify categorize motivations invest using factor analysis. We find that are driven by ideological, technological, financial motives. Regardi...

Abstract Initial coin offerings (ICOs) have recently emerged as a new financing instrument for entrepreneurial ventures, spurring economic and academic interest. Nevertheless, the impact of exogenous endogenous signals on performance ICOs well effects cryptocurrency hype subsequent downfall Bitcoin between 2016 2019 remain underexplored. We applied ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions based...

Using an international sample of 2,113 initial coin offerings (ICOs), we explore the role disclosure and information intermediaries in unregulated crypto-tokens market. First, document substantial cross-sectional variation voluntary practices ventures seeking to raise capital through ICOs, such as extent released a prospectus-type called white paper; releasing technical source code; communicati...

Th1 cells and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production play critical roles in protective immunity against genital tract infections by Chlamydia trachomatis. Here we show that inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS)(-/-) mice develop greatly augmented host resistance against chlamydial infection. Protection following a primary infection was characterized by strong Th1 immunity with enhanced CD4(+...

T-cell migration and movement is a critical component of a fully functional immune system. Activation-inducible lymphocyte immunomediatory molecule/inducible co-stimulator (AILIM/ICOS), which is a member of CD28 co-stimulatory receptor family, induces both activated T-cell migration underneath tumor necrosis factor alpha-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cell layers and also the morpholo...

Inducible co-stimulator (ICOS), a member of the CD28 coreceptor family, is costimulatory immune checkpoint receptor expressed on activated T-cells. Its ligand, ICOS ligand (ICOSL), antigen-presenting cells such as B cells. The ICOS-ICOSL axis plays an essential role in survival memory and effector T-cells responses, engagement by ICOSL induces proliferation, survival, cytokine production. Altho...

In an initial coin offering (ICO), a company (or an open-source project) raises funds by pre-selling access to a later product or service. We present a model that rationalizes the use of ICOs for launching peer-to-peer platforms: by adding dynamics to a platform launch, ICOs can 1) solve a coordination failure inherent in many platforms with network effects; and 2) harness the “wisdom of the cr...

Emerging data suggest that locoregional cancer therapeutic approaches with oncolytic viruses can lead to systemic anti-tumour immunity, although the appropriate targets for intratumoral immunomodulation using this strategy are not known. Here we find that intratumoral therapy with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), in addition to the activation of innate immunity, upregulates the expression of T-ce...

The establishment of ICOS as an important regulator of Th2 development and effector function makes the ICOS locus an attractive candidate for Th2-mediated diseases, such as asthma and allergy. In evaluation of this candidate locus in humans, we identified 11 variants and determined that two in the putative promoter region are significantly associated with allergic sensitization and serum IgE le...