Ice Mile swimming (1608 m in water of below 5 °Celsius) is becoming increasingly popular. This case study aimed to identify body core temperature and selected haematological and biochemical parameters before and after repeated Ice Miles. An experienced ice swimmer completed three consecutive Ice Miles within 15 h. Swim times, body core temperatures, and selected urinary and haematological param...

The structure of sea-ice bacterial communities is frequently different from that in seawater. Bacterial entrainment in sea ice has been studied with traditional microbiological, bacterial abundance, and bacterial production methods. However, the dynamics of the changes in bacterial communities during the transition from open water to frozen sea ice is largely unknown. Given previous evidence th...

Large sectors of the Antarctic ice sheet are vulnerable to increases in melting at the bases of fringing ice shelves, with melt rates depending on ocean temperatures and circulations in the sub-ice cavities. Here we analyze an oceanographic data set obtained in austral summer 2009 in Pine Island Bay, which is bounded in the east by the calving front of the Amundsen Sea’s fast-moving Pine Island...

The structure of the hydrogen bond network is a key element for understanding water's thermodynamic and kinetic anomalies. While ambient water is strongly believed to be a uniform, continuous hydrogen-bonded liquid, there is growing consensus that supercooled water is better described in terms of distinct domains with either a low-density ice-like structure or a high-density disordered one. We ...

The ultrafast vibrational dynamics of HDO:D(2)O ice at 180 K in anionic reverse micelles is studied by midinfrared femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy. Solutions containing reverse micelles are cooled to low temperatures by a fast-freezing procedure. The heating dynamics of the micellar solutions is studied to characterize the micellar structure. Small reverse micelles with a water content up t...

Water has an incredible ability to form a rich variety of structures, with 16 bulk ice phases identified, for example, as well as numerous distinct structures for water at interfaces or under confinement. Many of these structures are built from hexagonal motifs of water molecules, and indeed, for water on metal surfaces, individual hexamers of just six water molecules have been observed. Here, ...

Article Outline Glossary Definition of the Subject Introduction Several full numbered sections Future Directions Bibliography Glossary Ablation. Snow and ice removed from an ice mass via meltwater runoff, sublimation, wind scour, or glacial calving (mechanical fracturing and separation). Accretion. Increase in ice mass by basal growth in the case of floating ice, the compression of snow into ic...

plates, and we made a general statement that an electric field mechanism helps align the water molecules into ice-like clusters. Thus, our analysis does not involve the difference in energy between "ice" and "water" but is rather a comparison of the interaction energy of the polar substrate crystal with an ice nucleus (partially) proton-ordered along the hexagonal axis as against a nonpolar sub...

Introduction: Liquid water has been inferred to erupt in Europa's geologic past [e.g. 1] and a mixture of water vapor and ice is currently erupting from Enceladus' south polar region [2] whose source may be a liquid water ocean. Water confined to a subsurface ocean faces two impediments in reaching the surface. First, it is negatively buoyant with respect to ice. Second, it requires a pathway t...

[1] At the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the salinity contrast between northern source deep water and southern source bottom water was reversed with respect to the contrast today. Additionally, Glacial Southern Source Bottom Water (GSSBW) was saltier than Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), over and above the difference implied by the mean sea level change. This study examines to what extent cold temp...