in this article author examines the developments of al-qaeda after september 11 terrorist attacks. the core idea of the text is that al-qaeda has been changed from a hierarchical organization to a complex, flexible and dynamic with a global reach after 9/11 and subsequently u.s attacks on afghanistan in 2001. in other words al-qaeda that we knew as an organization before 9/11 has been changed t...

moral psychology is an important part of ethics. some of the recent interpreters of nietzsche’s philosophy have tried to elaborate a nietzschean naturalistic moral psychology based on his remarks and pose it against other positions in moral psychology, especially the kantian one with its fundamental claim that third-person accounts of moral psychology have no bearing on a morality which purport...

Abstract Divine sovereignty ( ḥākimiyya )—as conceived by Abū al-A‘lā Mawdūdī (1903–79) and popularised Sayyid Quṭb (1906–66) - has been a central component of Islamist thought. This article investigates the reception concept within Shi‘i Islam. As case studies, choses two prominent actors in formative period Islamism Iraq: Muḥammad Bāqir al-Ṣadr (1935–80) Taqī al-Mudarrisī (b. 1945). By discus...

This study will focus on how the different characteristics of the applied pulse, including voltage, pulse length, frequency and multiple pulsing affect transformation efficiency of Top10 E-coli cells. It will be shown that transformation efficiency will be maximal at optimum settings different from that suggested by electroporator manufacturer. Experimental results will also verify pore formati...

many public policy programs fail to translate ambitious headlines to on-the-ground action. the reasons for this are many and varied, but for public administration and management scholars a large part of the gap between ambition and achievement is the challenge associated with the operation of the machinery of government itself, and how it relates to the other parties that it relies on to fulfil...

language teachers usually face issues regarding the most effective methods of teaching. teaching language to nonnative speakers of english involves certain problems and challenges at all levels of instruction. due to the unsatisfactory results of focus on forms and focus on meaning instructions and their inevitable inadequacies, focus on form instruction along with its multiple techniques are r...