Diffuse traumatic brain injury refers to widespread pattern of injury throughout the brain caused by traumatic disruption of nerve cells, with particular injury to the axons [1]. There are four principal types of traumatic brain injury: diffuse vascular injury, diffuse axonal injury, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and diffuse brain swelling [2]. Clinically, DAI is characterized by generalized ...

Despite recent advances in obstetrics and neonatal intensive care, perinatal asphyxia remains a major cause of long-term neurologic sequelae in childhood (1, 2). Improvements in the resolution of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MR) that have occurred in recent years permit more accurate localization and quantification of hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury, which, in turn,...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Exposure of animals for a few hours to moderate hypoxia confers relative protection against subsequent ischemic brain damage. This phenomenon, known as hypoxic preconditioning, depends on new RNA and protein synthesis, but its molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Increased expression of IL-6 is evident, particularly in the lungs of animals subjected to hypoxic prec...

The maturational stage of the brain at the time of injury plays a key role in the pattern of brain damage in humans, including regional and cell-type–specific susceptibility. In this minireview, we will summarize available models of preterm and at-term ischemic brain injury in rodents and in larger species and discuss how maturation stage of the brain at the time of an insult affects the underl...

there are only a few, non-evidence based, neuroprotective strategies for treatment and prevention of brain injuries after closed head trauma. to establish new therapy strategies, a novel animal model is needed. the aim of our investigation was to link standardized small animal models and actual patient medical care. data of experimental small animal studies often cannot be transferred to cns in...

Hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury that occurs during the perinatal period is one of the most commonly recognized causes of severe, long-term neurologic deficits in children; it is often referred to as cerebral palsy. Despite improvements in perinatal practice during the past several decades, the incidence of cerebral palsy attributed to intrapartum asphyxia has remained essentially unchanged, pr...

Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in premature infants results in cerebral white matter lesions with prominent oligodendroglial injury and loss, a disorder termed periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). We have previously shown that glutamate receptors mediate hypoxic-ischemic injury to oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs) in a model of PVL in the developing rodent brain. We used primary OPC culture...

Hypoxic preconditioning (8% O2, 3 h) produces tolerance 24 h after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats. To better understand the ischemic tolerance mechanisms induced by hypoxia, we used oligonucleotide microarrays to examine genomic responses in neonatal rat brain following 3 h of hypoxia (8% O2) and either 0, 6, 18, or 24 h of re-oxygenation. The results showed that hypoxia-inducib...

As neonatal intensive care has evolved, the focus has shifted from improving mortality alone to an effort to improve both mortality and morbidity. The most frequent source of neonatal brain injury occurs as a result of hypoxic-ischemic injury. Hypoxic-ischemic injury occurs in about 2 of 1,000 full-term infants and severe injured infants will have lifetime disabilities and neurodevelopmental de...

To investigate the neuroprotective effect of melatonin against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats and the mechanisms involved. Neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury were treated with melatonin at 0.01 mg per gram body weight for 7 days. The damaged area and volume of the rat brains were quantified by threedimensional (3D) reconstructive technology. Apoptosis, regeneration...