HIGHLIGHTS The proprioceptive system provides a sense of body awareness and detects controls force pressure. Menstruation is the regular, orderly shedding uterine wall, in response to interactions hormones produced by hypothalamus, pituitary, ovaries. Estrogen steroid hormone involved female reproductive organs, as well numerous other biological systems including neuroendocrine, vascular, skele...

1 Concept of feeding and satiety centres in the brain 2 Problems with the "dual-centre" hypothesis 3 Direct neurophysiological evidence on the role of the lateral hypothalamus in feeding 4 Responses to food reward and to brain-stimulation reward in the lateral hypothalamus 5 Role of the ventromedial hypothalamus in feeding 6 Neural control of eating in man 7 Role of catecholamine pathways in fe...

Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant manner of inner distress, often accompanied by nervous behavior. Anxiety is related to the particular behaviors of fight or flight responses. The amygdala, the insula and anterior cingulate cortex seem to be critical, and all three have been referred to as the fear network .The amygdala which plays a fundamental role in neural network of fear...

The variations of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity in different brain regions of normal, hypo- and hyperthyroid rats were investigated. Hypo- and hyperthyrodism were experimentaly induced by administration of methimazol and liothyronine, respectively. In normal rats, midbrain had the minimum (70 mU/mg) and cerebral cortex the maximum (349 mU/mg) G6PD activity. Hyperthyrodism in...

INTRODUCTION H MRS of murine brain mostly focused on striatum, hippocampus and cerebellum etc (1). H MRS of small structures, such as hypothalamus has not been reported. High magnetic fields have been shown capabilities to sustain high SNRs and allow studying small volumes, such as in transgenic mouse (1, 2). To demonstrate the ability to study transgenic mice, we sought to investigate glucose ...

The neuroendocrine control of broodiness was investigated in the bantam hen. The functional activity of hypothalamic monoaminergic neurones and the role of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were considered in relation to the control of prolactin and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. The functional activity of hypothalamic noradrenergic neurones, based on an index of turnover, did not change a...

Objective Orexin is a hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptide, which third cerebral injection of it mainly exerts inhibitory effects on reproductive functions. It increases significantly the Aromatase (Cyp19) gene expression in the hypothalamus of male rats. Aromatase is an enzyme which converts androgens to estradiol in the hypothalamus of rats. Prenatal or neonatal exposure of females to testost...

Aging is characterized by autophagy impairment that contributes to age-related disease aggravation. Moreover, it was described that the hypothalamus is a critical brain area for whole-body aging development and has impact on lifespan. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the major neuropeptides present in the hypothalamus, and it has been shown that, in aged animals, the hypothalamic NPY levels decre...

Experiments were carried out to determine the effects of altering the serotonin (5-HT) levels in the hypothalamus on thermoregulatory function in unanesthetized restrained rats. Local perfusion of the hypothalamus with dialysis solution containing 5-hydroxytryptophan (a 5-HT precursor), fluoxetine (a 5-HT reuptake inhibitor), or high potassium significantly increased both colonic temperature (T...

Insulin and leptin act in the hypothalamus, providing robust anorexigenic signals. The exposure of homeothermic animals to a cold environment leads to increased feeding, accompanied by sustained low levels of insulin and leptin. In the present study, the initial and intermediate steps of the insulin-signaling cascade were evaluated in the hypothalamus of cold-exposed Wistar rats. By immunohisto...