OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) prevalence and its determinants between empty-nest and non-empty-nest elderly households. SETTING Shandong province of China. PARTICIPANTS A total of 2761 elderly households are included in the analysis. RESULTS CHE incidence among elderly households was 44.9%. The CHE incidence of empty-nest singles ...

OBJECTIVE To examine the role of tobacco use in creating financial hardship for New Zealand (NZ) low income households with children. DATA The 1996 NZ census (smoking prevalence by household types), Statistics NZ (household spending surveys 1988-98), and NZ Customs (tobacco released from bond 1988-98). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Proportion of children in households with smokers and < or = 15,000...

BACKGROUND Almost 97% of the Korean population is covered by National Health Insurance and are entitled to receive the same level of insurance benefits, regardless of how much each enrollee contributes to the system. However, the percentage of out-of-pocket payments is still high. This study examines whether the incurrence of high medical expenses affects household income. METHODS We use the ...

INTRODUCTION Nigeria, the only African country endemic for wild poliovirus, adopted Immunization Plus Days (IPD) to eradicate polio. Refusal of oral polio vaccine (OPV) by heads of households is a significant challenge. In Sokoto state, we determined characteristics of heads of households refusing OPV during IPD in 2011. METHODS To evaluate reasons for refusals, we conducted a case control st...

abstract: one of the strategies which are considered in recycling materials is origin separation of waste by households, that basis of these projects is households&apos; cooperation. the objective of this study is evaluation of different urban regions about origin separation of the waste by households and ranking them in mashhad. the statistics and information required obtained by completing qu...

This paper examines several policy regimes to deal with the problem that households suffer from environmental damage by firms in the same region. Taxation gives firms and households an incentive to stay away from each other. Laissez faire (compensation) only gives households (firms) an incentive to stay away from firms (households). We employ an evolutionary framework to analyze migration movem...

BACKGROUND Self-medication and acquisition of over-the-counter (OTC) medications are emerging community health issues. Besides being a cheap alternative for treating common illnesses, the behavior entails serious ramifications, such as medication wastage, increasing pathogen resistance, and adverse drug reactions. The present study was conducted to explore the extent of OTC medications in house...

classic Mesoamerican world system affect people's lives? And how did the actions of individuals in turn influence world-system processes? In this chapter I exarninc the linkages between large-scale world-system dynamics and individual households in an aftluent production zone of central Mexico. Morelos was an area of rich farmland whose grains and cotton-as well as bark paper, cotton textiles, ...

•SNAP households are influenced by proximity to stores in predicting store choice.•Store choice among SNAP households predicted beverage purchases.•SNAP households are more likely to purchase sugar-sweetened beverages at supercenters and convenience stores.

BACKGROUND Medicines are kept in households Worldwide for first aid, treatment of chronic or acute disease conditions. This promotes inappropriate use of medicines and hence the associated risks. The study explored the factors which predict availability and utilization of medicines in households of Northern Uganda. METHOD A cross sectional survey of 892 households was performed from November-...