With the increasing application of CHP and an industry transition to distributed energy, it is necessary make a comprehensive economic analysis comparison entire lifetime from net present value (NPV), payback period, cost-saving ratio (CSR). Five systems, including micro-CHP, gas boiler (GB), air-source heat pump (ASHP), domestic gas-fired heater electric hot water-heater, are simulated. First,...

The goal of this study was to compare the effect of heater probe thermocoagulation for massive bleeding of peptic ulcers with a control group. Between March 1992 and August 1995 we used heater probe thermocoagulation endoscopically to treat 42 patients with active UGl bleeding or nonbleeding visible vessels at the base of ulcer craters within 2-3 hours of admission. We also selected 42 pati...

PURPOSE To develop an MRI-compatible resistive heater, using high frequency alternating current (AC), for temperature maintenance of anaesthetised animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS An MRI-compatible resistive electrical heater was formed from narrow gauge wire connected to a high frequency (10-100 kHz) AC power source. Multiple gradient echo images covering a range of echo times, and pulse-acqui...

This article presents an empirical study of temperature modulation for metal-oxide gas sensors at multiple frequencies ranging from 0.125Hz to 4Hz. Commercial metal-oxide sensors from two manufacturers were exposed to analyte concentrations below their isothermal discrimination threshold over a period of ten days. The results reported in this article indicate that temperature modulation can sig...

Eight highly sensitive amorphous germanium thermistors (TCR = -1.8%/K) are the sensitive part of the micromachined sensors for flow velocity and flow direction. Carried by a 1.3 μm thick diaphragm they measure temperature differences generated by the sample flow and a heater (430 μW). This allows gas flow measurements in the range from 0.025 m/s to about 3 m/s with a sensitivity of up to 30 mV/...

Micro-thermal analysis combines the imaging capabilities of atomic force microscopy with the ability to characterise, with high spatial resolution, the thermal behaviour of materials. The conventional AFM tip is replaced by a miniature heater/thermometer which enables a surface to be visualised according to its response to the input of heat (in addition to measuring its topography). Areas of in...

Deuterium flux through the thin wall of a palladium tube has been studied by monitoring gas pressure and temperature. A high-precision calorimeter (Calvet) was used to detect heat flow when the heater was shut down and the palladium tube was cooling down slowly. At certain temperatures an abnormal deuterium flux appeared. This deuterium flux reached a peak when the temperature of the palladium ...

A microhotplate array comprising four 100 μm × 100 μm unit cells has been designed. It has a multi-layer structure: Sithermal oxide-polySi-PECVD (plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition) oxide-Sputtered Pt-Gas sensing film (SnO2). Electro-thermal simulation of the unit cell has been carried out using ANSYS. The simulations show that for an applied bias of 4 V a mean temperature of 706oC is o...

This paper reports the results of an experiment with a logical specification language on an engineering case study. The proposed language extends the Event Calculus formalism with primitives for modeling context-dependency and discrete processes. In particular, it introduces a number of process constructors that provide a way of packaging related events into individual, conceptual chunks. It ha...

proportionating system was dismantled and a gas leak found in the Cambridge Bourdon tube type dialysate temperature gauge which caused the needle pointer to register about 20'C too low. The fault had come on over a period of time and, unfortunately, it had been assumed that the Cambridge gauge was indicating the true dialysate temperature. Therefore the back-up temperature alarm system and the ...