The Mre11 complex (Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1) is involved in a diverse array of DNA metabolic processes including the response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The structure of Rad50 plays a key role in the DNA-binding and end-bridging activity of the complex. An interesting feature within the central portion of the Rad50 protein is the Rad50 hook region that is defined by the highly conserved CXXC m...

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective, case-control, matched cohort. OBJECTIVE Compare the radiographic and clinical outcomes of adult spinal deformity patients treated with thoracic pedicle screw (TPS) or thoracic hook constructs. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The efficacy of TPS instrumentation for pediatric spinal deformity correction has been established. Little is known about TPS use in adult spinal...

The flagellar hook is a short, curved, extracellular structure located between the basal body and the filament. The hook is composed of the FlgE protein. In this study, we analyzed flagellum assembly in a temperature-sensitive flgE mutant of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. When the mutant cells were grown at 30°C, they produced flagella of a normal length (71% of the population) and sh...

The seeds of terrestrial flowering plants often start their life cycle in subterranean darkness. To protect the fragile apical meristematic tissues and cotyledons from mechanical injuries during soil penetration, dicotyledonous seedlings form an elegant apical hook at the top of the hypocotyl. The apical hook has been considered as an adaption structure to the subterranean environment. However,...

The chemical composition of essential oil extracted from Uncaria Hook ("Chotoko" in Japanese), the branch with curved hook of the herbal medicine Uncaria rhynchophylla has been investigated by GC and GC-MS analyses. Eighty-four compounds, representing 90.8% of the total content was identified in oil obtained from Uncaria Hook. The main components i were (E)-cinnamaldehyde (13.4%), α-copaene (8....

(Morphometric analysis of the Brasiliorchis picta complex (Orchidaceae)). One of the largest genera of Orchidaceae in the Neotropics with about 450 species, Maxillaria presents several taxonomic uncertainties about its generic circumscription and the delimitation of species groups, mainly due to the large variability of some species. The present study aims at verifying the morphological variati...

The β subunit of voltage-gated Ca2+ (CaV) channels plays an important role in regulating gating of the α1 pore-forming subunit and its regulation by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). Subcellular localization of the CaV β subunit is critical for this effect; N-terminal-dependent membrane targeting of the β subunit slows inactivation and decreases PIP2 sensitivity. Here, we provide ev...

From acid-disintegrated flagellar hooks of Salmonella SJ25 an immunochemically pure preparation of hook protein was obtained by column chromatography. The molecular weight of the protein determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis was 43,000, whereas that of SJ25 flagellin was 56,000. The amino-terminal residue of the hook protein was determined to be seryl. The amino acid composit...

Purpose: To introduce an advanced muscle hook to decrease risks and create more feasible extraocular muscle surgeries for physicians. Case Report: Tight extraocular muscles during strabismus surgery could be extremely challenging even in experienced hands due to restricted globe rotation, limited view, and lack of muscle elasticity. Although a variety of surgical instruments have been introduce...

Short, bijective proofs of identities for multisets of ‘hook pairs’ (arm-leg pairs) of the cells of certain diagrams are given. These hook pair identities were originally found by Regev.