BACKGROUND Information about HBV sero-markers, infection stages and genotypes in HIV-1 infected and uninfected injection and non-injection drug users (IDUs) in Kenya remains elusive. METHODS A cross-sectional study examining HBV sero-marker, infection stages and genotypes was conducted among HIV-1 infected and uninfected, respectively, IDUs (n = 157 and n = 214) and non-IDUs (n = 139 and n = ...

Mathematical models have the potential to contribute design and evaluate infectivity spreading growth of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Providing a better understanding dynamics HIV infection in vivo immune system interactions with can improve classification infected cells drive an early diagnosis disease drug evaluations. We analyze two-dimensional environment model from new perspective, ...

human immunodeficiency virus infection / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (hiv/aids) is a disease pertained to the human immune system. given its crucial role in viral replication, hiv-1 protease (hiv-1 pr) is a prime therapeutic target in aids therapy. in this regard, the dynamic aspects of ligand-enzyme interactions may indicate an important role of conformational variability in hiv-1 pr in...

Knowledge regarding the drug resistance of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is critical for surveillance of drug resistance, development of antiretroviral drugs, and management of infections with drug-resistant viruses. Such knowledge is derived from studies that correlate genetic variation in the targets of therapy with the antiretroviral treatments received by persons from whom the variant ...

Abstract Background Treatment monitoring of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) in resource-limited settings is challenging. We developed a multi-analyte assay for eleven anti-TB drugs small hair samples as an objective metric drug exposure. Methods Small were collected from participants at various timepoints during directly observed RR-TB treatment inpatient tertiary referral facility South Af...

BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment guidelines have evolved, shifting from more-aggressive to more-conservative approaches. The potential impact of these shifts on the transmission of drug-resistant virus is unknown. METHODS Drug-resistance genotypes were examined in all consecutive patients with recent HIV type 1 (HIV-1) seroconversion (hereafter, "HIV-1 seroconverters") ...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of transmitted drug-resistant HIV among adults in Panama by using a modified World Health Organization Threshold Survey (WHO-TS) and to investigate rates of initial resistance among HIV-positive infants in Panama. METHODS At the Gorgas Memorial Institute, 47 HIV-positive adults were genotyped for mutations associated with transmitted drug resistance (TD...

introduction: nowadays, hiv is mostly spreading in asian countries. one of the important routes for hiv transmission in these countries is the vertical route which infects 35% to 45% of newborns. mother’s education, drug prophylaxis and cesarean section, accompanied by banning breastfeeding will decrease this rate to 2%. therefore, mothers’ knowledge about prevention of mother to child transmis...

BACKGROUND Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with tenofovir and emtricitabine can prevent new HIV-1 infections, but there is a concern that use of PrEP could increase HIV drug resistance resulting in loss of treatment options. We compared standardized outcomes from three independent mathematical models simulating the impact of PrEP on HIV transmission and drug resistance in sub-Saharan African cou...