Background and Objectives: Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in dysregulation of the cytokine profile. A switch from a T helper 1 (Th1) to a Th2 cytokine has been proposed as an important factor in progression of HIV infection to AIDS. The aim of the present study was to assess the level of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in HIV infected individuals in order to identify t...

aids (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), a result of human hiv (human immunodeficinency virus) infection, is one of the most troublesome world's health problems. extensive researches to find effective drugs for its treatment are running fast in huge capacities. imod (immuno-modulator drug) is the name of an herbal drug that has modulatory effects of immune system. as a goal of this research,...

background and objectives: human t-cell lymphotropic viruses (htlv) type 1 and 2 are retroviruses that share the same routes of transmission as human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). as a consequence of epidemiologic similarities, hiv and htlv-1/2 co-infection is frequent. due to the limited data, this study assessed the seroprevalence of htlv-1/2 infections in hiv infected patients in tehran, ira...

Identification of drug resistant mutations is important in the management of HIV-1 infected patients. The aim of the current study was to evaluate drug resistance profile of RT gene and assess subtype among HIV-1 circulating strains and intensification of physician’s options for the best therapy. HIV-1 RNA of 25 sampleswas extracted from plasma and RT Nested- PCR was performed and the fin...

HIV-1 targets the monocyte/macrophage lineage and CD4+ T cells for its replication. The efficiency of infection, replication, cell-to-cell spread differs between these cell types. These differences are caused by various factors such as viral tropism, proteins, host factors, proliferation. However, precise mechanisms how macrophages influence infection have not been fully elucidated. Macrophages...