Woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), has become a pest of increasing importance in Washington apple orchards in the past decade. The increase in aphid outbreaks appears to be associated with changes in pesticide programs and disruption of biological control. We sampled woolly apple aphid colonies in central Washington apple orchards for natural enemies of this pest from 2006 to 2...

1. Pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris; Hemiptera: Aphididae) exhibit transgenerational wing polyphenism, in which unwinged females produce genetically identical winged offspring in response to environmental cues such as overcrowding and predation risk that indicate poor habitat quality. 2. Laboratory experiments were carried out to explore the intensity of the wing polyphenic response of pe...

spotted amber ladybird, hippodamia variegata (goeze, 1777) (coleoptera: coccinellidae) is an important predator of aphids and some other insect pests. since shape and size variation may affect biological characteristics of an insect, multivariate analysis of shape variations in four geographically isolated populations of h. variegata (isfahan, shahrekord, shiraz, yasuj) was performed based on e...

Spanish displays a set of diverse contexts in which constituents are frozen inside the VP: only direct objects and postverbal subjects but not preverbal subjects or IP material are licensed. These environments include: indefinites licensed by modals, syntactically-marked focus (as opposed to stress-focus), evidentials, etc. It is argued that all of these contexts involve a projection exactly ab...

V. Penteriani ([email protected]) and M. M. Delgado, Dept of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, C.S.I.C., c/ Americo Vespucio s/n, ES-41092 Seville, Spain. Present address of VP: Finnish Museum of Natural History, Univ. of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland, present address of MMD: Metapopulation Research Group, Dept of Biosciences, Univ. of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, ...

Integrated steady state rate equations have been used to determine the kinetic constants (Vs, Ks, Vp, and Kp) and rate constants (k1, k2, k3, and k4) of the reversible enzyme mechanism: (see article). The fumarase reaction has been used as a model to illustrate the procedures for determining these constants. In contrast to initial velocity studies, the values of the constants have been obtained...