Physical gestures are prominent features of many species' multimodal displays, yet how evolution incorporates body and leg movements into animal signaling repertoires is unclear. Androgenic hormones modulate the production of reproductive signals and sexual motor skills in many vertebrates; therefore, one possibility is that selection for physical signals drives the evolution of androgenic sens...

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, or statins, are widely prescribed to lower cholesterol. Recent reports suggest that statins may promote angiogenesis in ischemic tissues. It remains to be elucidated whether statins potentially enhance unfavorable angiogenesis associated with tumor and atherosclerosis. Here, we induced hind limb ischemia in wild-type mice by resecting ...

The increased variations of temporal gait events when pathology is present are good candidate features for objective diagnostic tests. We hypothesised that the gait events hoof-on/off and stance can be detected accurately and precisely using features from trunk and distal limb-mounted Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs). Four IMUs were mounted on the distal limb and five IMUs were attached to the...

The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of prostaglandins to the reflex cardiovascular responses induced by static contraction of the hind limb in cats, i.e., the exercise reflex. To accomplish this, the cardiovascular responses to hind limb contraction induced by electrical stimulation of spinal cord ventral roots L6-7 and S1 were compared before and after inhibition of pro...

OBJECTIVE Sambucus (S) spp. is reported to possess a variety of activities and has been used in traditional medicine for many years. In spite of CNS activity of this genus, nothing is known about the anticonvulsant activity of S. nigra. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anticonvulsant activities of methanolic extracts of bark, fruit and leaf of S. nigra at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg kg-1 were determin...

Objective: To evaluate the antiepileptic activity of aqueous extract of Centella asciatica in maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced convulsions. Methods: The anticonvulsant activity of leaves of Centella asciatica (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) in mice was assessed using MES and PTZ induced seizure models. Abolition of tonic hind limb extension (MES and PTZ) and increase in...

The aetiology of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), a highly painful, usually post-traumatic condition affecting the limbs, is unknown, but recent results have suggested an autoimmune contribution. To confirm a role for pathogenic autoantibodies, we established a passive-transfer trauma model. Prior to undergoing incision of hind limb plantar skin and muscle, mice were injected either with ...

Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is required for both endogenous and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-augmented angiogenesis in normal tissues, leading us to hypothesize that uPA augmentation by gene transfer might promote angiogenesis in ischemic tissues. Overexpression of uPA was studied in rat myocardial infarction (MI) and mouse hind limb ischemia models and compared with VEGF...

The hip region is examined to determine what aspects of musculoskeletal anatomy are precociously developed in primate species with highly specialized modes of locomotion. Muscles of the hind limb were removed and weighed in each specimen, and the hip joint of selected specimens was studied in stained serial sections. No perinatal differences among species are evident, but in adults, the hip joi...

Original Article Context: Cilnidipine, an N-type and L-type calcium channel blocker has been reported to have antihypertensive, renoprotective and neuroprotective effect. In this present study we evaluated anti-epileptic effect of cilnidipine in experimentally induced convulsions in Mice. Aims: To evaluate the anti epileptic effect of cilnidipine. Materials and Methods: Cilnidipine, phenytoin s...