the aim of this study was to assess the surface of yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia (y-tzp) after surface treatment with lasers and airborne-particle abrasion.first, 77 samples of presintered zirconia blocks measuring 10 × 10 × 2 mm were made, sintered and polished. then, they were randomly divided into 11 groups (n=7) and received surface treatments namely, er:yag laser irradiation with ...

In phase-shifting interferometry experiments, the accuracy of the phase shift is a major issue. Many experimental and data analyses are done to cancel phase-shift errors inherent to the modulation techniques used. We propose to remove most of the phase-shift error by recourse to a frequency-shifting method. This approach can be applied to both holography and interferometry. We validate the idea...

Phase realigning clock multipliers, such as Multiplying Delay-Locked Loops (MDLL), offer significantly reduced random jitter compared to typical Phase-Locked Loops (PLL). This is achieved by introducing the reference signal directly into their voltage controlled oscillators (VCO) to realign the phase to the clean reference. However, the typical cost of this benefit is a significant increase in ...

Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-toanalog converters (DACs) play an important role in the design of data acquisition systems. ADCs are used to convert analog signals like the output from a temperature transducer, a radio receiver or a video camera into digital signals for processing. Conversely, DACs are used to convert digital signals back to analog signals. For example, the DAC...

Based on learning in input-output signal domain and controlling noise amplification by varying sampling rate, a pragmatic approach is developed for designing FIR deconvolution filters with the desired noise gains producing accurate as possible output time-domain waveforms for filter support intervals defined by a user. As an example, FIR linear phase digital differentiator is designed by the de...

Frequency-modulated operation of MEMS gyroscopes promises numerous benefits, including inherently accurate scale factor, improved bias stability, high dynamic range, and low power dissipation. An FM demodulator based on sigmadelta frequency-to-digital conversion decouples dynamic range from power dissipation to achieve a resolution of 41.1μHz in a 50Hz bandwidth for a 30 kHz signal (2.1mdeg/s/ ...

Achievable rate (AR) is significant to communications. As to multi-input multi-output (MIMO) digital transmissions with finite alphabets inputs, which greatly improve the performance of communications, it seems rather difficult to calculate accurate AR. Here we propose an estimation of considerable accuracy and low complexity, based on Euclidean measure matrix for given channel states and const...