Background: Professional ethics is one of the fundamental issues of all human societies. Each organizational set has ethical codes appropriate to the structure of its profession, which is called professional ethics. Familiarity with ethical standards and their application by employees plays an important role in the moral and professional excellence of the organization. In this regard, the purpo...

This paper is concerned with the estimation of frontier production function to measure the technical efficiency for Iranian textile companies during 1995. The objective of this estimation is to investigate if there are any differences in the technical efficiency between the private and public firms as well as the relationship between technical efficiency and size of textile companies in Iran. A...

In this paper, we seek to evaluate the relative costs of debt for private versus comparable publicly traded rms. US studies of this important question have been limited due to the absence of comprehensive nancial data on privately-held rms. However, such data is available in the UK. Consequently, we employ a unique dataset of loans taken out by both types of UK rms with a large array of loan an...

BACKGROUND This study investigated the perceived influence of a Healthy Welcoming Environment (HWE) on participation in sports clubs among adolescent girls, and how these perceptions changed longitudinally. HWE was defined in terms of a set of health promotion policies advocated by a health promotion foundation as the basis of sport club health promotion practice to promote structural reform in...

substance abuse, violation and sexual behavior are the main reasons of fatality in adolescents and the youth. most risky behaviors including cigarettes, alcohol, drugs and unsafe sexual contacts occur under the age of 18. traditionally, sport is regarded as a means to encourage and develop healthy behaviors and a factor to protect and prevent risky behaviors. the present study studied 406 stude...

We empirically examine the impact of flotation costs, agency conflicts, regulation, and information asymmetries on a firm’s mix between public and private debt. Results indicate that firms with larger issue sizes exploit the scale economies in flotation costs of public debt. Firms with higher contracting costs due to moral hazard have higher proportions of private debt. There is only limited su...