the space environment consists mainly of high-energy charged particles, such as protons, electrons and heavy ions. they are originating from several sources including galactic cosmic radiation, solar flares and van allen belts. high energy electromagnetic radiation and neutrons have also been measured on spacecraft. although shielding can reduce the effect of space radiation it cannot be elimin...

BACKGROUND Tuberculosis infection, disease and mortality are all less common at high than low altitude and ascent to high altitude was historically recommended for treatment. The immunological and mycobacterial mechanisms underlying the association between altitude and tuberculosis are unclear. We studied the effects of altitude on mycobacteria and antimycobacterial immunity. METHODS Antimyco...

China has the largest plateau, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where inhabited the most high altitude populations. Moreover, millions of people from plain areas come to the plateau for travel and work purposes and the number of the newcomers has been increasing every year. The hypoxic environment of plateau raised a series of related health issues in the new immigrants, so have created a special medical...