The predictive validity of personality for important life outcomes is well established, but conventional longitudinal analyses cannot rule out the possibility that unmeasured third-variable confounds fully account for the observed relationships. Longitudinal hierarchical linear models (HLM) with time-varying covariates allow each subject to serve as his or her own control, thus eliminating betw...

To treat with social phenomena, statistical and mathematical physics provides a powerful and rigorous method [1], and several papers have studied the models of social phenomena based on stochastic processes. Many researchers in econometrics or biometrics have proposed that the discrete choice including binary analysis may be formulated as the AR (autoregressive), logit, and probit models [2]. I...

This paper focuses on the relevance of alternate discrete outcome frameworks for modeling driver injury severity. The study empirically compares the ordered response and unordered response models in the context of driver injury severity in traffic crashes. The alternative modeling approaches considered for the comparison exercise include: for the ordered response framework-ordered logit (OL), g...