Natural selection may favor two very different types of social behaviors that have costs in vital rates (fecundity and/or survival) to the actor: helping behaviors, which increase the vital rates of recipients, and harming behaviors, which reduce the vital rates of recipients. Although social evolutionary theory has mainly dealt with helping behaviors, competition for limited resources creates ...

Although it has been claimed that people care more about identifiable than statistical victims, demonstrating this “identifiable victim effect” has proven difficult because identification usually provides information about a victim, and people may respond to the information rather than to identification per se. We show that a very weak form of identifiability—determining the victim without prov...

The study of culturally inherited traits has led to the suggestion that the evolution of helping behaviors is more likely with cultural transmission than without. Here we evaluate this idea through a comparative analysis of selection on helping under both genetic and cultural inheritance. We develop two simple models for the evolution of helping through cultural group selection: one in which se...

BACKGROUND Many studies have shown that when hypothermia is started after coronary artery reperfusion (CAR), it is ineffective at reducing necrosis. However, some suggest that hypothermia may preferentially reduce no-reflow. Our aim was to test the effects of hypothermia on no-reflow when initiated close to reperfusion and 30 minutes after reperfusion, times not associated with a protective eff...

Predictive shift-reduce (PSR) parsing for a subclass of hyperedge replacement graph grammars has recently been devised by Frank Drewes and the authors [6]. This paper describes in detail how efficient PSR parsers are generated with the Grappa parser generator implemented by Mark Minas. Measurements confirm that the generated parsers run in linear time.

This paper explores FrameNet as a resource for building a lexicon for deep syntactic and semantic parsing with a practical multipledomain parser. The TRIPS parser is a wide-coverage parser which uses a domain-independent ontology to produce semantic interpretations in 5 different application domains. We show how semantic information from FrameNet can be useful for developing a domainindependent...

A parsing method called buffered shift-reduce parsing is presented, which adds an intermediate buffer (queue) to the usual LR parser. The buffer’s usage is analogous to that of the wait-and-see parsing, but it has unlimited buffer length, and may serve as a separate reduction (pruning) stack. The general structure of its parser and some features of its grammars and parsing tables are discussed.