Statistically and causally meaningful relationships are established between starch molecular structure (the molecular distribution of branched starch and the chain length distribution of debranched starch) and texture (hardness and stickiness) of cooked rice grains. The amounts of amylose chains with degree of polymerization (DP) 100-20,000, and of long amylopectin chains, positively correlated...

Various “hardness” measures have been studied for resolution, providing theoretical insight into the proof complexity of resolution and its fragments, as well as explanations for the hardness of instances in SAT solving. In this report we aim at a unified view of a number of hardness measures, including different measures of width, space and size of resolution proofs. We also extend these measu...

The hardness variation and the behaviour of precipitation during the process of three stage ageing of three Al-Cu-Mg alloys were investigated using micro-hardness and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). To facilitate the determination of the optimised heat treatment condition, a uniform design method was employed by which the influences of three stages interrupted ageing on the hardness an...

Genetic algorithm (GA) researchers have long desired to describe the key characteristics of GA-hardness. Unfortunately this goal has remained largely unmet. In this paper, we describe a new way for evaluating GA-hardness that is based on the foundations of formal complexity theory. In particular, a GA-reduction is introduced. Using this reduction, we show that a reasonable definition of "GA-har...

The protonation mechanism of pyrrole is investigated in terms of various global and regional (fragment) hardness (softness) parameters and related quantities in order to identify the most sensitive criteria indicating the lmown o.-preference for electrophilic substitution in this molecule. Both rigid and relaxed hardness data are discussed. Numerical results for the H+... pyrrole system, obtain...

The high-temperature hardness test has a wide range of applications, but lacks test standards. The purpose of this study is to develop a finite element method (FEM) model of the relationship between the high-temperature hardness and high-temperature, quasi-static compression experiment, which is a mature test technology with test standards. A high-temperature, quasi-static compression test and ...

In this paper we study the small Na+N (N 12) cationic clusters fragmentation channels, with all electronic calculations performed at the B3LYP/6–311G+(d,p) DFT level of theory. For these cluster sizes, we obtain for all neutral, cationic, bi-cationic and anionic species the optimized geometries, total energies and electronic properties such as the adiabatic ionization potentials, electron affin...

The microstructural features of variable polarity plasma arc welded Al-Cu-Mg 2024-T351 with 2319 filler have been studied by TEM, SEM and DSC. Fusion zone, partial melting zone, resolutionising zone, overageing (for S phase), peak ageing (for S phase) and under ageing zones (for S phase) have been identified. The Ω phase has been observed between re-solutionising zone and peak ageing zone. The ...