Background: The Covid-19 Pandemic has had a lot of impacts on society and students from various generations. Generations are a group of people who have the same age, traits, and experiences. Not all generations can overcome the impact caused by the pandemic on themselves, which is the cause of various problems in each generation starting from habits, behaviors, and stress. Generations Z and Y a...

Habits ​ ​form​ ​a​ ​crucial​ ​component​ ​of​ ​behavior.​ ​In​ ​recent​ ​years,​ ​key​ ​computational​ ​models ​ ​have​ ​conceptualized​ ​habits ​ ​as behaviors ​ ​arising​ ​from​ ​model-free​ ​reinforcement​ ​learning​ ​(RL)​ ​mechanisms,​ ​which​ ​typically​ ​represent​ ​the​ ​expected​ ​value associated​ ​with​ ​the​ ​possible​ ​outcomes ​ ​of​ ​each​ ​action​ ​before​ ​one​ ​of​ ​those​ ​a...

Many stylized facts of leverage, trading, and asset prices follow from a frictionless general equilibrium model that features agents’ heterogeneity in endowments and habit preferences. Our model predicts that aggregate debt increases in good times when stock prices are high, return volatility is low, and levered agents enjoy a “consumption boom.” Our model is consistent with poorer agents borro...

The neural circuits involved in learning and executing goal-directed actions, which are governed by action-outcome contingencies and sensitive to changes in the expected value of the outcome, have been shown to be different from those mediating habits, which are less dependent on action-outcome relations and changes in outcome value. Extended training, different reinforcement schedules, and sub...

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The main target of most published research during the 1960s, the 1970s and even the 1980s was the isolated effect of each macronutrient (i.e. carbohydrates, protein or the different types of fat). During the late 1980s and early 1990s the interest shifted to micronutrients with a predominant emphasis on vitamins and antioxidants (carotenoids, tocopherols, vitamin C, selenium) (Martinez 2004). I...

Transitioning patients from pediatric to adult care is an issue of increasing concern, especially when it involves children with chronic conditions that are congenital or complex. Care of these children often requires the special expertise of pediatric subspecialists in addition to ongoing primary care. Pediatric specialists and generalists anticipate that patients will age out of their care, y...