Ethanol ingestion during pregnancy elicits damage to the developing brain, some of which appears to result from enhanced apoptotic death of neurons. A consistent characteristic of this phenomenon is a highly differing sensitivity to ethanol within specific neuron populations. One possible explanation for this "selective vulnerability" could be cellular variations in glutathione (GSH) homeostasi...

Activated interleukin-2 (IL-2)-dependent T cells express high levels of Bcl-2 protein. On cytokine withdrawal, Bcl-2 expression decreases and the cells die rapidly by apoptosis. We have previously shown that the survival of IL-2-deprived T cells can be promoted by factor(s) secreted by fibroblasts. Here we report that reduced glutathione (GSH), but not its oxidized counterpart GSSG, also enhanc...

Cellular glutathione (GSH) levels were found to be 7-fold higher in a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) than in a normal human lung fibroblast line (CCL-210). Differential modulation of cellular GSH was explored in these cell lines by (a) stimulation of GSH synthesis by oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate (OTZ) and (b) inhibition of GSH synthesis by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). In the tumor...

Exposure to chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD) is reported to cause GSH depletion, which plays an important role in HD-linked oxidative stress and skin injury. Using the HD analog 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), we evaluated the role of GSH and its efficacy in ameliorating CEES-caused skin injury. Using mouse JB6 and human HaCaT epidermal keratinocytes, we observed both protective a...

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of glutathione (GSH) on health, solid feed consumption, nutrient intake, body weight gain (BWG), feed efficiency, blood metabolites and the occurrence of diarrhea in Holstein neonatal calves. The calves were fed plain milk as a control (CON) or milk with GSH supplementation. Sixteen calves were separated from...

Selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GSH-Px, GSH-H2O2 oxidoreductase EC 1.11.1.9) is the best characterized selenoprotein in higher animals, but the mechanism whereby selenium becomes incorporated into the enzyme protein remains under investigation. To elucidate the mechanism of insertion of selenium into Ge-GSH-Px further, we have systematically analyzed and compared the results of We...

Monochlorobimane (syn-(ClCH2, CH3)-1,5-diazabicyclo-[3.3.0]-octa-3,6-dione-2,8-dione; mBCl) forms a fluorescent adduct with glutathione (GSH), which has been used as a basis for flow cytometric analysis. While mBCl will react nonspecifically with many different thiols, preferential derivatization of GSH can be achieved by using a low concentration of mBCl, since the reaction with GSH is catalyz...

PURPOSE To determine the effect of dimethylfumarate (DMF), an inducer of glutathione (GSH)-dependent detoxification, on intracellular GSH levels in cultured human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) cells, its mechanism of action, and its effect on hRPE cells subjected to oxidative injury. METHODS Established hRPE cell lines were treated with DMF and assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatograp...

While exogenous toxic compounds such as herbicides are thought to be sequestered into vacuoles in the form of glutathione (GSH) conjugates, little is understood about natural plant products conjugated with GSH. To identify natural products conjugated with GSH in plants, metabolites in the Arabidopsis γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (ggt) 4 knockout mutants that are blocked in the degradation of GSH c...