Image segmentation plays an important role in medical imaging applications. In this chapter, an automatic MRI brain image segmentation framework using gravitational search based clustering technique has been proposed. This framework consists of two stage segmentation procedure. First, non-brain tissues are removed from the brain tissues using modified skull-stripping algorithm. Thereafter, the ...

Cities are growing and encountering many changes over time due to population growth and migration. Identification and detection of these changes play important roles in urban management and sustainable development. Urban growth models are divided into two main categories: first cellular models which are further divided into experimental, dynamic, and integrated models and second vector models. ...

In this short note, we try to clarify a seemly trivial but often confusing question in relating a higher-dimensional physical gravitational constant to its lower-dimensional correspondence in Kaluza-Klein reduction. In particular, we re-derive the low-energy M-theory gravitational constant in terms of type IIA string coupling gs and constant α ′ through the metric relation between the two theor...

We consider multidimensional gravity with a Lagrangian containing the Ricci tensor squared and the Kretschmann invariant. In a Kaluza-Klein approach with a single compact extra space of arbitrary dimension, with the aid of a slow-change approximation (as compared with the Planck scale), we build a class of spatially flat cosmological models in which both the observed scale factor a(τ) and the e...

introduction air pollution has harmful effect on human health and the environment. accordingly, considerable effort has been put to analyze the air pollutants. one important issue is the spatial distribution of these pollutants. dispersion of the pollutants released from sources on the ground is mostly driven by the planetary boundary layer where turbulent flow causes mixing of the content of t...

Job Shop scheduling problem has significant importance in many researching fields such as production management and programming and also combined optimizing. Job Shop scheduling problem includes two sub-problems: machine assignment and sequence operation performing. In this paper combination of particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) and gravitational search algorithm (GSA) have been presen...

This paper describes an advantageous method for using the capacitor banks in the distribution network, optimally. The aim is to determine the count, location and capacitor values in order to minimize the annual cost resulting from energy losses and capacitor bank’s installation cost. Besides, in the case of having nonlinear loads in the network, by installing capacitors in appropriate locations...

We have compared numerical simulations to observations for the nearby (< 40 Mpc) groups of galaxies (Huchra & Geller 1982 and Ramella et al. 2002). The group identification is carried out using a group-finding algorithm developed by Huchra & Geller (1982). Using cosmological N-body simulation code with the ΛCDM cosmology, we show that the dynamical properties of groups of galaxies identified fr...