language, science and politics go together and learning these genres is to learn a language created for codifying, extending and transmitting scientific and political knowledge. grammatical metaphor is divided into two broad areas: ideational and interpersonal.this paper focuses on the first type i.e. ideational grammatical metaphor (igm), which includes process types and nominalization.  the m...

This paper discusses switch-reference (SR) systems in Pano and Muskogean languages, and propose that grammatical case plays an essential role in licensing same subject SR constructions in these languages. Specifically, case activates an agreement relationship between two clauses, allowing for transmission of information about participant coreference. Different subject SR, on the other hand, doe...

AbstractMammary tissue, skeletal muscle, and spleen are less frequently affected by mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB).The most common age for breast TB is between 50 and 70. On this article, we are reporting a 72-year-old womanwho presented with chronic cough, lobar consolidation in right middle lobe (RML) on the CXR, and a massin her right breast revealed on the physical examination. Biopsy from...

second language  learners often develop grammatical competence in the absence of concomitant pragmatic competence (kasper & roever, 2005) and the exact nature of the relationship between the two competences is still indistinct and in need of inquiries ( bardovi-harlig, 1999; khatib & ahmadisafa, 2011). this study is a partial attempt to address the lacuna and aims to see if any relation...

It is generally assumed that speakers of grammatical gender languages consider grammatical gender arbitrary, but this assumption has never been tested. Research shows that the grammatical gender of nouns can affect perceptions of the masculinity or femininity of the noun's referent in speakers of languages with masculine and feminine noun classes. However, bilingualism facilitates the developme...

Across languages of the world, some grammatical patterns have been argued to be more common than expected by chance. These are sometimes referred to as (statistical) language universals. One such universal is the correlation between constituent order freedom and the presence of a case system in a language. Here, we explore whether this correlation can be explained by a bias to balance productio...

1. Introduction Grammatical gender is rare across Amazonian languages. The language families that possess grammatical gender properties are Arawak, Chapakuran and Arawá. Wari', a Chapakuran (Txapakura) language of Brazil, is unusual among these languages in that it possesses three gender categories: what we can refer to as masculine, feminine and neuter. While efforts have been made to posit th...

This paper promotes the hypothesis that central grammatical categories must be analysed as pragmatic rather than semantic entities, in order to explain their seemingly redundant typological distribution. A case is made of the relatively complex English past tense system versus the single Russian past tense, and it is shown how the distinctions within the former system can be analysed in terms o...

Grammatical encoding has been suggested to be driven by communicative efficiency – a balance between production ease and success. Evidence for this view comes from studies indicating that speakers their use of morphosyntactic cues grammatical functions with respect animacy. However, these have not taken in the discourse context into account. In picture-description task, we investigate influence...

A localist theory of the representation and projection of grammatical features in nominals is presented in which words and phrases functioning as specifiers and modifiers—in addition to heads—project grammatical features to encompassing nominals. Grammatical features may be redundantly encoded in words and phrases fulfilling different grammatical functions. At the level of the nominal, the proj...