Toxicology is a multidisciplinary study of poisons, aimed to correlate the quantitative and qualitative relationships between poisons and their physiological and behavioural effects in living systems. Other key aspects of toxicology focus on elucidation of the mechanisms of action of poisons and development of remedies and treatment plans for associated toxic effects. In these endeavours, Mass ...

Hormesis, a dose-response phenomenon characterized by a low-dose stimulation and a high-dose inhibition, has been the object of controversy due to its challenging of basic understandings of the dose-response relationship and implications for risk assessment. The author addresses issues relating to the definition of hormesis, the relationship of hormesis to risk assessment and risk management, a...

The American College of Toxicology is committed to advancing the science of toxicology as a means of protecting the health and safety of both people and animals for the preservation of our environment. The College recognizes that the continued use of animals for research is a necessary and critical component in pursuit of this commitment. However, it is the position of the College that when ani...

Medical management, is a team work and the nature of clinical toxicology is multidisciplinary. Internal organs problems following intoxications are included in field of internal medicine; similar problems in poisoned children brings pediatric medicine into the arena. The emergency nature of many acute intoxications, the legal problems of poisoned patients, respiratory assist in unconscious case...

recently, some natural products have been used in the fields as alternative to synthetic compounds, to minimize the negative impacts to the environment. this study aimed to verify the effects of neem-based bio-pesticide in causing acute toxicity for a fish and chronic toxicity for a microcrustacean. to this end, danio rerio and daphnia magna were exposed to various concentrations of a neem-base...

Coral reefs are among the world's most productive and biologically diverse ecosystems. In recent decades, they have experienced an unparalleled decline resulting from various anthropogenically induced stressors. Ultraviolet (UV) filters found in personal care products, such as sunscreen, chemical pollutants that emerging a growing toxic threat to reef organisms. this study, systematic literatur...

Purpose: The purpose of this study was two-fold. The first objective was to compare a standard splitless injection technique with a large volume splitless injection (LVSL). The second objective was to evaluate the applicability of sequential full scan/SIM EI+ GC/MS data to the analyses of forensic toxicology samples. The utility of these techniques along with directions for future research will...

DNA array technology makes it possible to rapidly genotype individuals or quantify the expression of thousands of genes on a single filter or glass slide, and holds enormous potential in toxicologic applications. This potential led to a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-sponsored workshop titled "Application of Microarrays to Toxicology" on 7-8 January 1999 in Research Triangle Park, North C...

If the classical paradigm of toxicology has been used for centuries, recent toxicological findings, soaring experimental costs and an increasing regulatory pressure have led the toxicology community towards mechanistic toxicology. This new area of research, focused on molecular envents underlying the toxicity of a chemical substance, motivates the emergence of new modelling approaches for toxic...