We analyze global patterns of reconstructed surface temperature for insights into the behavior of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and related climatic variability during the past three centuries. The global temperature reconstructions are based on calibrations of a large set of globally distributed proxy records, or “multiproxy” data, against the dominant patterns of surface temperature...

In this paper we learn the new idea of forcing total outer independent edge geodetic number a graph. Let G be connected graph and R minimum set G. A subset L ⊆ is known as for if unique containing L. cardinality R. The denoted by (G) = min , where taken over all in Some general properties satisfied concept are studied. It shown that any couple integers l, m with0 < l ≤ − 4, there exists such .

The minimum forcing number of a graph G is the smallest edges simultaneously contained in unique perfect matching G. Zhang et al. (2010) claimed that any fullerene was bounded below by 3. However, we find there exists exactly one exceptional F24 with 2. In this paper, characterize all fullerenes 3 construction approach. This also solves an open problem proposed We except for F24, anti-forcing 4...

If κ < λ are such that κ is a strong cardinal whose strongness is indestructible under κ-strategically closed forcing and λ is weakly compact, then we show that A = {δ < κ | δ is a non-weakly compact Mahlo cardinal which reflects stationary sets} must be unbounded in κ. This phenomenon, however, need not occur in a universe with relatively few large cardinals. In particular, we show how to cons...

[1] Trends in global oceanic heat content (OHC) over the late 20th century as simulated by climate models that incorporate all radiative forcing factors are smaller than the observed, but the causes are not clear. Given the cooling effect associated with increasing anthropogenic aerosols and natural forcing (i.e., volcanic aerosols), we examine their respective roles in the simulated global OHC...