We introduce the river wave concept: a simple, holistic model that unifies river ecosystem concepts. The river wave concept proposes that river flow can be conceptualized as a series of waves varying in shape, amplitude, wavelength, and frequency, traveling longitudinally and laterally; the position on the wave determines the source of organic production or inputs and the storage, transformatio...

The 2D numerical simulation of river flow requires a large amount of topographic data to build an accurate Digital Terrain Model which must cover the main river channel and the area likely to be flooded. DTMs for large floodplains are often generated by LiDAR flights. However, it is often impossible to obtain LiDAR data of permanently inundated river beds. These areas are often surveyed and dis...

Planning and implementation of effective restoration projects require appropriate assessment of a river’s hydromorphological status. Two European standards on hydromorphological assessment of rivers and hydromorphological assessment methods used in Poland are reviewed in the context of their applicability for river restoration purposes. River Hydromorphological Quality assessment method is pres...

Vaccines are traditionally tested under the optimal conditions of clinical trials (efficacy). However, their public health impact is better assessed under the real conditions of a clinical practice (effectiveness). The authors aimed to estimate the effectiveness of a rotavirus vaccine (rhesus rotavirus vaccine-tetravalent (RRV-TV)) to prevent rotavirus-related hospitalization among children <or...

Ross River virus (RR) is a mosquito-borne arbovirus responsible for outbreaks of polyarthritic disease throughout Australia. To better understand human and environmental factors driving such events, 57 historical reports on RR outbreaks between 1896 and 1998 were examined collectively. The magnitude, regularity, seasonality, and locality of outbreaks were found to be wide ranging; however, anal...

Xenophobia is on the rise in Europe; and the ten million Muslims living there are often its targets. This paper contends that the fear and anxiety Westerners exhibit toward Muslims stem ultimately from a fear and anxiety regarding ourselves and our beliefs. I argue that the perceived standoff with Muslims causes us to doubt the sincerity and superiority of our own convictions. The latter are pr...

Ross River virus (RRV) and Barmah Forest virus (BFV) infections are the two most prevalent mosquito-borne diseases in Australia. Prevention through vector control and public awareness is important to lessen their burden on public health, as there are no treatments or vaccines currently available. In many geographical areas there are clear relationships between climatic variables and RRV or BFV ...

Atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) was investigated at 11 sites in Dongjiang River basin of Guangdong Province during the winter (January and February) and summer (July and August) of 2010 to assess the effect of PCNs on those areas. The average daily deposition fluxes of total PCNs was 828 pg x (m2 x d)(-1), and the corresponding TEQ was 0.14 pg x (m2 x d)(-1). Based...

INTRODUCTION The world's first rotavirus vaccine, Rotashield or RRV-TV, was registered in the US in 1998, but withdrawn within a year because of an observed association with intussusception (IS). Surveillance for IS has consequently become important in safety monitoring of new-generation rotavirus vaccines during development. Post-marketing surveillance is also important, and requires the avail...

We describe the development of an epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the sensitive and rapid detection of antibodies to Ross River virus (RRV) in human sera and known vertebrate host species. This ELISA provides an alternative method for the serodiagnosis of RRV infections.