K-means algorithm has been shown to be an effective and efficient algorithm for clustering. However, the k-means algorithm is developed for numerical data only. It is not suitable for the clustering of non-numerical data. K-modes algorithm has been developed for clustering categorical objects by extending from the k-means algorithm. However, no one applies this technique for classification of c...

Sorting by reversals is an important problem in inferring the evolutionary relationship between two genomes. The problem of sorting unsigned permutation has been proven to be NP-hard. The best guaranteed error bounded is the 3/2approximation algorithm. However, the problem of sorting signed permutation can be solved easily. Fast algorithms have been developed both for finding the sorting sequen...

Fitness distance correlation has been proposed as an analysis tool for the fitness function landscape of genetic algorithms. It has been shown that it works in some cases, but there are also counterexamples. We studied the fitness distance correlation and the optimal population size by two fitness functions with a translational minimum and with a meta-genetic algorithm. We discovered that the f...

Despite growing interest in the effects of landscape heterogeneity on genetic structuring, few tools are available to incorporate data on landscape composition into population genetic studies. Analyses of isolation by distance have typically either assumed spatial homogeneity for convenience or applied theoretically unjustified distance metrics to compensate for heterogeneity. Here I propose th...

This study was conducted to elucidate the genetic diversity and phylogenic relationship of three local goat breeds in Central Java of Indonesia based on the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene sequence. Blood samples of 19, 15 and 12 heads of Kacang, Kejobong and Ettawa Grade breeds, respectively, were used as materials of the study. The multiple alignment of cyt b gene was conducted by comparing under s...

To analyse various properties of the search process of genetic programming it is useful to quantify the distance between two individuals. Using operator-based distance measures can make this analysis more accurate and reliable than using distance measures which have no relationship with the genetic operators. This paper extends a recent definition of a distance measure based on subtree crossove...

The wild mint "Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson subsp. noeana (Briq.) Briq." is an important medicinal plant which contains several worthy components like: menthone, pulegone, pipertenon, menthol, thymol, and carvone in its essential oil. This plant grows extensively in center of Asia including Iran. Because of so worthy components and its big role in traditional and modern medicine, the wild mint...