Cosine response is an important characteristic of optical detector for irradiance measurements. The non-ideal cosine a may lead to errors in In this paper, theoretical simulation generated due isotropic point light sources carried out different illumination conditions. Simulation results show that the measurements error detectors become significantly high at edges and corners floor when source ...

In this paper,we presenta rigorous theoretical formulation of the fundamental problem—indirect illumination from area sources via curved ideal specular surfaces. Intensity and area factors are introduced to clarify this problem and to rectify the radiance from these specular surfaces. They take surface geometry, such as Gaussian curvature, into account. Based on this formulation, an algorithm f...

Chiral symmetry breaking in a purely fermionic theory is investigated by the help of the renormalization group method. The RG equation for the running mass m k admits a solution with vanishing bare mass and finite physical mass. The running Fermi coupling constant, G k , converges to a finite (renormalized) physical value. It is also shown that the RG equation for˜G, the dimensionless Fermi cou...

Using ROSAT PSPC data, we have performed several tests aimed at understanding the origin of the soft X-ray spectral component detected from the bulge of M31. We find that a significant soft component in the spectrum of the bulge is spatially correlated with the unresolved X-ray emission near the core of M31, which is probably a hot interstellar medium or perhaps a population of multiple faint s...

In this paper, a new  algorithm for computing secondary invariants of  invariant rings of monomial groups is presented. The main idea is to compute simultaneously a truncated SAGBI-G basis and the standard invariants of the ideal generated by the set of primary invariants.  The advantage of the presented algorithm lies in the fact that it is well-suited to complexity analysis and very easy to i...