Subwavelength amorphous silicon transmission gratings with a period from 100 to 800 nm and a thickness of 180 nm on silica substrates have been fabricated and studied. For a normal incident light ~l5633 nm!, in addition to strong birefringence ~as large as 170° in phase difference!, it was observed that the transmission of TE ~the electric field parallel to the grating finger! wave is significa...

We present a novel formalism to describe the $in$ $vacuo$ conversion between polarization states of propagating radiation, also known as generalized Faraday effect (GFE), in cosmological context. Thinking GFE potential tracer new, isotropy- and/or parity-violating physics, we apply our cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarized anisotropy power spectra, providing simple framework easily comput...

This tutorial treats the fundamentals of polarization theory and polar coding. Arıkan’s original results on binary source and channel polarization methods are studied. Error probability and complexity analyses are offered. The original results are generalized in several directions. Early developments in the field are discussed, pointers to some of the important work omitted from this tutorial a...