BACKGROUND The need of efficient resource management and full-time accessibility to resources has increased with the development of industry, resulting in the increase of shift workers. Previous researches of past decades show that there are various health effects on shift workers. However, the definition and the form of shift work have varied from each research and occupational harmful factors...

The use of transferable discharge permits as a water pollution control policy is rapidly increasing in the United States. Drawing on evidence from existing water quality trading programs, this paper provides a taxonomy of the forms that such markets take. Four main structures are identified: exchanges, bilateral negotiations, clearinghouses, and sole-source offsets. Each of these structures has...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Mini Clinical Evaluation eXercise (mini-CEX) involves observation of routine clinical encounters, initially developed to assess clinical competencies of postgraduate doctors. This study aimed to measure its inter-rater reliability in assessment of medical students in general practice settings. METHODS General practitioners (GPs) supervising medical students were invi...

BACKGROUND The acute surgical unit (ASU) model of care is a new paradigm shift in the provision of emergency surgery. Clinical and non-clinical outcomes have been described after the introduction of the ASU model in Australia and New Zealand. This paper reviews and analyses the current published literature and methods of implementation of contemporary ASU models. METHOD We conducted a compreh...

ARTICLE HISTORY: Received 8 July 2015 Revised 23 December 2015 Accepted 25 December 2015 Analysis and design of object oriented is one modern paradigms for developing a system. In this paradigm, there are several objects and each object plays some specific roles. Identifying objects (and classes) is one of the most important steps in the object-oriented paradigm. This paper makes a literature r...

This paper describes a set of criteria for evaluating defence mechanisms against flooding denial of service (DoS) attacks. Effectiveness and usefulness of a defence mechanism in mitigating a DoS attack depends on many issues which are presented here in the form of a taxonomy. The primary goal of this taxonomy is to help in getting a comprehensive view on both the strengths and weaknesses of a s...

The principal aim of this paper is to apply the Taxonomy of Software Evolution, developed by Mens et. al [1], to position various software tools that support the activity of software refactoring as part of the evolutionary process. This taxonomy is based on the mechanisms of change and the factors that impact upon these mechanisms. The goal of this taxonomy is to position concrete tools and tec...

OBJECTIVE To comprehend the stigma against people with mental disorders still persists in the culture of general hospitals and acts as a limiting factor in the implementation of psychiatric units in general hospitals in Brazil. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES A qualitative social survey was outlined based on action research strategy as of the agreement to adopt a psychiatric unit in a general hospi...

We assess the usability of public inquiry report data to build a formal trace that can be used in later stages to create an agent model simulating crisis response coordination. The case taken is a train tunnel fire near the underground train station at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol that turned out to be harmless, but the incident illustrated key weaknesses in inter-organizational coordination caus...

This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. If interest rates (country spreads) rise, debt can rapidly be...