evidence acquisition the fifty two significant articles discussing the stem cell in chronic myeloid leukemia from 1996 to 2012 were selected according to the authors’ experience. results studies have shown that primitive cml cells are less responsive to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (tkis) and are a reservoir for the relapse of multi drug resistant (mdr). conclusions following that, minimal residu...

The recent elucidation both of the mechanisms involved in pancreatic cancer carcinogenesis and the related molecular events, has led to several distinct therapeutic advances, including many novel target agents, such as monoclonal antibodies against EGFR, EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibody against VEGF, farnesyl transferase inhibitors, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, COX 2...

human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) protease inhibitors comprise an important class of drugs used in hiv treatments. however, mutations of protease genes accelerated by low fidelity of reverse transcriptase yield drug resistant mutants of reduced affinities for the inhibitors. this problem is considered to be a serious barrier against hiv treatment for the foreseeable future. in this st...

Background: Deoxyribozymes (Dzs) can play a role as gene expression inhibitors at mRNA level. Among Dzs, the 10-23 deoxyribozyme has significant potentials for treatment of diseases. Designed Dz includes a catalytic core made of 15 deoxyribonucleotides and two binding arms consisted of 6-12 nucleotides for site specific binding to target RNA and hydrolysis. The enzyme has characteristic feature...

Background: The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is an appealing production host for a variety of recombinant, including biologics. In this sense, various genetic- and non-genetic-based techniques have been implemented to improve the production efficiency of this expression platform. Los1 (loss of supression) encodes a non-essential nuclear tRNA exporter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which i...

Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) has been established as a promising target in asthma andchronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PDE4B subtype selective inhibitors are known toreduce the dose limiting adverse effect associated with non-selective PDE4B inhibitors. Thismakes the development of PDE4B subtype selective inhibitors a desirable research goal. Toachieve this goal, ligand based pharmacophore m...

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to II, are well-known for treatments cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure, hypertension and acute coronary syndrome. Several these inhibitors including captopril, enalapril, ramipril, zofenopril imidapril attenuate vasoconstriction, cardiac hypertrophy adverse remodeling, improve clinical out...

ALK gene missense mutations are conventionally considered non-driver without pathological significance, and therefore, there is a lack of effective target drugs against them. The standard treatment option for patients with chemotherapy or antiangiogenic agents, which usually results in unsatisfactory outcomes. Herein, we present the case patient metastatic lung adenocarcinoma harboring only mut...

Precision (target) medicine is proposed as a new strategy to identify and develop highly selective drugs against specific targets for the disease more precise tailoring of medicines target populations patients. can be an important approach create novel safer therapeutics (tyrosine kinase inhibitors, tumour monoclonal antibodies) patients with gene mutation, aberrations, or protein over-expressi...