a proper understanding of reservoir fluid phase behavior is the first crucial step in the development and production of an oil/gas field. this paper addresses the challenges and errors associated with the fluid sampling that may arise before, during and after the sampling operation. for this aim, dst and pvt data of exploration and production wells of a supergiant offshore gas condensate reserv...

Gas injection into carbonate formations is one of the most important activities to protect oil reserves that can guarantee a steady production. On-time injection of enough gas can result in the recovery of billions barrels of oil. In addition, it can preserve a huge amount of gas for the next generations. If the reservoir depth is shallow, or the reservoir fluid has a little amount of intermedi...

The authors have deeply been interested in concerns about health, safety & environment (HSE) in recent years. HSE demands in engineering, particularly at the design and construction stages, are becoming stricter and stricter. In oil and gas plants, many pieces of equipment, and much of the piping, treat highly flammable gases, such as natural gas, methane, propane and hydrogen, which if release...

introduction exposure to chronic levels of ionizing radiation could be detrimental to health even at very low doses. calabar free trade zone (cftz) was established to promote export business in nigeria and it is yet to produce exposure data of the zone. materials and methods the zone was divided into three categories depending on the type of business. category a had facilities with manufacturin...

natural gas is often associated with nitrogen and heavy compounds. the heavy components in the natural gas not only can feed downstream units, owing to the low temperature process may be formed solid as well. therefore, heavy components separation can be a necessity and produce useful products. virtually, all natural gases are containing nitrogen ​​that would lower the heating value of natural ...

Loss of containment in the oil and gas and chemical process industries can have undesirable safety and environmental consequences. If leaks are not discovered at an early stage, they can accumulate into dangerous gas clouds that can ignite and create explosions or inflict harm as toxic agents. A recent report by British Petroleum estimates a single cavity pressure vent at an unmanned offshore p...