Functional programming languages are informally classified into pure and impure languages. The precise meaning of this distinction has been a matter of controversy. We therefore investigate a formal definition of purity. We begin by showing that some proposed definitions which rely on confluence, soundness of the beta axiom, preservation of pure observational equivalences and independence of th...

Trauma is often related to functional impairment, representing an important social, economic and health issue. This study intended to evaluate the functional independence of aged individuals with fractures, at admission, discharge and after one month from their regressing home. Furthermore, this study also intended to verify the relationship between functional independence and demographic and h...

OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between pain and functional independence in older adults during and after admission to rehabilitation after an acute illness or injury. DESIGN Prospective, observational cohort study. SETTING One community and one Veterans Affairs rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS Individuals aged 65 and older admitted for rehabilitation after an acute illness o...

In this study, we performed a validation analysis of a crosswalk that converts Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores to Minimum Data Set (MDS) scores and vice versa in order to achieve score compatibility. Data from 2,130 patients were obtained from the Department of Veteran Affairs' Austin Automation Center. The conversion algorithm was tested at the (1) individual patient level, (2) cl...

[Purpose] Accurate measurement of unaffected lower extremity muscle strength on the unaffected side is useful in patients with hemiparetic stroke; however, muscle strength measurement results in patients with hemiparetic stroke vary greatly compared with those in healthy individuals. The objective of the present study was to determine the characteristics of patients with hemiparetic stroke who ...

Hybrid male sterility is one of the most rapidly evolving postzygotic reproductive barriers, which has received special attention in the study of speciation. In Drosophila, in majority of interspecific crosses, hybrid males are sterile while females are fertile. Why hybrid males are sterile remains a fundamental question for evolutionary biologists. A number of investigations have been carried ...

INTRODUCTION In Europe it is common for outcome measures to be translated for use in other languages. This adaptation may be complicated by culturally specific approaches to certain tasks; for example, bathing. In this context the issue of cross-cultural validity becomes paramount. OBJECTIVE To facilitate the pooling of data in international studies, a project set out to evaluate the cross-cu...

IMPORTANCE Few rigorous clinical trials have investigated the effectiveness of exercise on the physical functioning of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of intense and long-term exercise on the physical functioning and mobility of home-dwelling patients with AD and to explore its effects on the use and costs of health and social services. DESIGN A r...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively the Trunk Control Test (TCT) correlation at admission to rehabilitation with length of stay, functional independence measure (FIM), gait velocity, walking distance and balance measured at discharge in 28 hemiparetic patients. FIM and TCT were registered on admission. Outcome measures at discharge were: FIM, gait velocity, walking distance ...

OBJECTIVES To compare the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the motor subscale of the functional independence measure (FIM), the original 10 item Barthel index (BI), and the 5 item short form BI (BI-5) in inpatients with stroke receiving rehabilitation. METHODS 118 inpatients with stroke at a rehabilitation unit participated in the study. The patients were tested with the FIM motor...