Abstract Extreme cold environment can threaten human health and life through increasing the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, frostbite, hypothermia. Insufficient heat production to maintain core body temperature is a major cause injury. To cope with stress, other mammals have developed capacity acclimatization adapt such harsh environment. Adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis ubiquitous f...

Cold-induced vasodilatation (CIVD), which occurs in fingers and toes exposed to extreme cold, is a defensive reaction of protecting the extremities against frostbite. Yoshimura and Iida (1950) developed a practical method, based on observation of CIVD reactivity, for assessing peripheral resistance against frostbite (local cold tolerance). Thereafter, many studies using this test method to clar...

The Wilderness Medical Society convened an expert panel to develop a set of evidence-based guidelines for the prevention and treatment of frostbite. We present a review of pertinent pathophysiology. We then discuss primary and secondary prevention measures and therapeutic management. Recommendations are made regarding each treatment and its role in management. These recommendations are graded o...

Petrification of the auricle is a recognized and distinct pathological entity. This involves ossificationorcalcification of the auricular cartilage resulting in hardening of the auricle which is clinically evident on palpation and can be confirmed through radiological imaging. The aetiology of this unusual phenomenon is varied and includes both local and systemic causes. Systemic conditions ass...