fridges are used in various industries, and heat exchanger is one of the main components of these systems; therefore, efficiency analysis of these systems is very important. in many fridges, frost over the heat exchanger tubes or pipes affects the system operation and reduces heat transfer between the refrigerant and ambient, so defrosting systems are usually used to enhance heat transfer. desi...

Sorted circles emerge as self-organized patterns from a laterally uniform active layer that becomes laterally sorted as frost heave deforms the interface between a stone layer and an underlying soil layer. In a three-dimensional, cellular model of the active layer, cyclic freezing and thawing drives transport of stone and soil particles by (1) addition of ice particles representing soil expansi...

The objectives of this study are to provide experimental data and a correlation that can be used in the optimal design of an evaporator under frost conditions. In the present study, we tested both a single stage and a two-stage evaporator with a variation of operating parameters and fin geometry under frost conditions. The effects of tube space and fin alignment on the heat transfer performance...

The injury caused by frost is characterised by browning of the canopy and the leaf sheaths, but the growing point may also be severely damaged by destruction of some or all of the meristematic tissue. Experience gained in previous years has served to indicate that frosted cane does not in all cases deteriorate with the same raviditv. Thus, when rain falls on cane damaged by frcst, or conditions...

Ice/frost formation on the Space Shuttle cryogenic propel 1 ant tanks presents a different problem from that of past launch vehicles. Lift off weight addition has been the primary concern on past launch vehicles. The primary ice/frost concern on the Shuttle vehicle is damage to the Orbiter Thermal Protection System due to ice/frost impact. The approach used to arrive at a solution to this uni­ ...

Reactive halogens are responsible for boundarylayer ozone depletion and mercury deposition in Polar Regions during springtime. To investigate the source of reactive halogens in the air arriving at Barrow, Alaska, we measured BrO, an indicator of reactive halogen chemistry, and correlated its abundance with airmass histories derived from meteorological back trajectories and remotely sensed sea i...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Dynamics of cryogen spray deposition, water condensation and frost formation is studied in relationship to cooling rate and efficiency of cryogen spray cooling (CSC) in combination with laser dermatologic surgery. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS A high-speed video camera was used to image the surface of human skin during and after CSC using a commercial device. The...

Ice-infiltrated sediment, or frozen fringe, is responsible for phenomena such as frost heave, ice lenses and metres of debris-rich under glaciers. Understanding fringes important heave damaging infrastructure at high latitudes sediment freeze-on the base glaciers can modulate subglacial friction, influencing rate global sea level rise. Here we describe thermomechanics liquid water flow freezing...