Background: Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide that elicits broad-spectrum insecticidal activity against a number of important arthropod pests. Determining the insecticides’ toxicity to amphibians can give us a better understanding regarding the role of toxicants in amphibian declines. This information would be beneficial to assess their ecological relevance at environmental con...

    Hub covering location problem, Network design,   Single machine scheduling, Genetic algorithm,   Shuffled frog leaping algorithm   Hub location problems (HLP) are synthetic optimization problems that appears in telecommunication and transportation networks where nodes send and receive commodities (i.e., data transmissions, passengers transportation, express packages, postal deliveries, etc....

Climate warming may drive invasions by exotic plants, thereby raising concerns over the risks of invasive plants. However, little is known about how climate warming influences the growth and competitive ability of exotic plants from their home and introduced ranges. We conducted a common garden experiment with an invasive plant Centaurea maculosa and a native plant Poa pratensis, in which a mix...

The type specimens of the bee genus Hylaeus Fabricius, 1793 described by Ferdinand Morawitz from Asia and deposited in the Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University and in the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg, are critically reviewed. Precise information with illustrations of types for 39 taxa is provided. New synonymy is established for Hylaeus incongruus...

Water soluble fraction of total alcoholic in the treatment of bronchial asthma 1.2. The same fraction is studied here on frog heart and on blood pressure and respiration of dog, to screen its action on cardio vascular and respiratory systems experimentally.The paper deals with the above experiments with their observations and results. In nut shell the drug is found to have cardiac depresent act...

In the course of preparing carbamyl phosphate synthetase from frog liver, a crystalline protein fraction was obtained which proved to be glutamate dehydrogenase. Because of the considerable interest in this enzyme and the striking differences in certain properties of this enzyme from different animal sources (l-6), it seemed of importance to study the kinetic properties of crystalline frog live...

The localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-immunoreactive neurons that project to the main olfactory bulb in the frog was studied by combining GABA immunohistochemistry with retrograde axonal tracing. Double-labelled neurons were observed in the dorsal, medial and lateral pallial areas involved in reciprocal connections with the main olfactory bulb. GABA-immunoreactive cell bodies const...

ABSTRACT Despite the intensive study of endothelin (ET) in mammals, the primary structure and biological activity of the peptide is not known for any species of non-mammalian tetrapod. Extracts of the stomach and the liver of the European green frog Rana ridibunda contained ET-like immunoreactivity measured by RIA using an antiserum raised against human ET-1. The amino acid sequence of the pept...

In the present study, the effect of bioactive molecules secreted by skin glands of the frog Rana cyanophlyctis tested against different microorganisms.Inhibition zone diameters of 15, 13, 14,14,25,13 mm were observed for Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri and E.coli respectively. Microscopic study of microbial cells treated ...

Frog sex chromosomes offer an ideal system for advancing our understanding of genome evolution and function because of the variety of sex determination systems in the group, the diversity of sex chromosome maturation states, the ease of experimental manipulation during early development. After briefly reviewing sex chromosome biology generally, we focus on what is known about frog sex determina...