Scientists have attempted to keep leptospirae viable for long periods of time by freezing, by drying, by drying after freezing, and by storing sealed cultures at room temperature. Freezing methods have received the most attention, but viability after prolonged storage is uncertain due to the destruction of a high percentage of leptospirae (Weinman and McAllister, Am. J. Hyg., 45, 102-121, 1947)...

today many countries have water shortage problems, so most of them compel to resort to desalination processes. this paper describes the effect of indirect contact freezing by external cooling for desalination of seawater and brackish water. although various types of processes are introduced for desalination and such processes as reverse osmosis (ro) and multi-effect distillation (med) are used ...

Abstract. Predicting the freezing time in lakes is achieved by means of complex mechanistic models or simplified statistical regressions considering integral quantities. Here, we propose a minimal model (SELF) built on sound physical grounds that focuses pre-freezing period goes from mixed conditions (lake temperature at 4 ?C) to formation ice (0 ?C surface) dimictic lakes. The based energy bal...

Ice accretion on an aircraft affects the aerodynamic performance of wings by disrupting airflow, increasing drag, and altering its flight characteristics, leading to a main or tail wing-stall altimetry loss. The current generation ice-detection systems relies environmental parameters determine icing conditions, with sensors usually located nose aircraft, giving no information ice accreted wings...

To a very large extent progress in the field of invertebrate physiology is a measure of progress in the technique of manipulating small structures and analysing small samples. Within this field the study of osmotic regulation is no exception. Krogh (1938) has summarized the known methods of measuring osmotic pressure, applicable to quantities of fluid of the order of O-I-I-O cu.mm. The freezing...

Oocyte cryopreservation in carnivores can significantly improve assisted reproductive technologies in animal breeding and preservation programs for endangered species. However, the cooling process severely affects the integrity and the survival of the oocyte after thawing and may irreversibly compromise its subsequent developmental capability. In the present study, two different methods of oocy...

In this study, different methods for shell splitting and the effect of freezing prior to drying on shell splitting percentage of pistachio were investigated. A completely randomized design was used to investigate the effects of different freezing temperatures (0, -6, -12 and -18°C), different drying temperatures (80, 90 and 100°C) and different cultivars (Akbari and Kalehghouchi) on shell split...

Background: This paper considers whether the development of oocyte freezing raises any new or distinctive ethical issues. It will examine the ethical issues raised by this technique: the ’social’ use of egg freezing and how that might be defined; the use of egg freezing for cancer patients; and limitations and benefits of the technique. Materials and Methods: A consideration of the literature a...

Theileria parva sporozoite stabilates are used for immunizing cattle against East Coast fever and in in vitro sporozoite neutralization assays. In this study, we attempted to identify a cheaper freezing medium and quantified the infectivity loss of sporozoites due to refreezing of stabilates, using an in vitro technique. Pools of stabilates prepared using Minimum Essential Medium (MEM), Roswell...