Electrospray ionization and collision induced dissociation on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer were used to determine the effect of spatial crowding of incremented alkyl groups of two anomeric pairs of peralkylated (methyl to pentyl) disaccharides (maltose/cellobiose and isomaltose/gentiobiose). Protonated molecules were generated which underwent extensive fragmentation under low energy co...

We consider a U(1)×U(1) Electric-Magnetic theory with minimal coupling between both gauge fields A and C. We consider two possible mechanism of symmetry breaking that generate generalized Proca masses for the gauge field A. By considering a vacuum-expectation-value for the C field in the full U(1) × U(1) theory we obtain both a mass term and a vacuum current. By considering the broken electric ...

Quarter vehicle model is the simplest representation of a vehicle that belongs to lumped-mass vehicle models. It is widely used in vehicle and suspension analyses, particularly those related to ride dynamics. However, as much as its common adoption, it is also commonly accepted without quantification that this model is not as accurate as many higher-degree-of-freedom models due to its simplicit...

In impulsive orbital maneuvers, a large disturbance torque is generated by the thrust vector misalignment from the center of mass (C.M). The purpose of this paper is to reject the mentioned disturbance and stabilize the spacecraft attitude, based on the combination of a one degree of freedom (1DoF) gimbaled-thruster, two reaction wheels (RWs) and spin-stabilization. In this paper, the disturban...

Dynamical nature of the gauge degree of freedom and its effect to fermion spectrum are studied at β = ∞ for two-dimensional nonabelian chiral gauge theory in the vacuum overlap formulation. It is argued that the disordered gauge degree of freedom does not necessarily cause the massless chiral state in the (waveguide) boundary correlation function. An asymptotically free self-coupling for the ga...

The aim of present study is to investigate the effect of various parameters such as length, thickness, density, shear modulus of the core and Young modulus of skins for various boundary conditions:  clamped-free and simply supported. By applying the model of Khalili et al for frees vibration analysis of sandwich beams by using finite element methods. Where, the core density is taken on consider...

In this paper the design of a biped robot actuated with Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) springs with minimum degrees of freedom is presented. SMA springs are a class of smart materials that are known for their high power to mass and volume ratios. It was shown that utilizing spring type of SMAs have many advantages as large deformation, smooth motion, silent and clean movement compared to ordinary typ...

This paper explores the effects of general and agricultural trade openness on economic freedom and alongside with the quality of institutions, on income and poverty. Recent cross-country data for over 200 nations in global regions were used to estimate equations for income, poverty and economic freedom. Economic freedom appears to have positive impacts on income levels, which together with good...