The time course of polysome formation was studied in a long-term wheat germ cell-free translation system using sedimentation and electron microscopy techniques. The polysomes were formed on uncapped luciferase mRNA with translation-enhancing 5' and 3' UTRs. The formation of fully loaded polysomes was found to be a long process that required many rounds of translation and proceeded via several p...

Mutation in the dystrophin gene results Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), an X-linked fatal neuromuscular disorder. Dystrophin deficiency can be compensated by upregulation of utrophin, an autosomal homologue of dystrophin. But the expression of utrophin in adults is restricted to myotendinous and neuromuscular junctions. Therefore utrophin upregulation throughout the muscle fiber can only be ...

Noise in genetic networks has been the subject of extensive experimental and computational studies. However, very few of these studies have considered noise properties using mechanistic models that account for the discrete movement of ribosomes and RNA polymerases along their corresponding templates (messenger RNA (mRNA) and DNA). The large size of these systems, which scales with the number of...

We present the NTT translation system that is experimented for the evaluation campaign of “International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation (IWSLT).” The system consists of two primary components: a hierarchical phrase-based statistical machine translation system and a reranking system. The former is conceptualized as a synchronous-CFG in which phrases are hierarchically combined using non...

In the literature on diagrammatic reasoning, Venn diagrams are abstractly formalized in terms of minimal regions. In view of the cognitive process to recognize Venn diagrams, we modify slightly the formalization by distinguishing conjunctive, negative, and disjunctive regions among possible regions in Venn diagrams. Then we study a logic translation of the Venn diagrammatic system with the aim ...

Idioms are the gems of a language. Translating idioms is not an easy task because not all English idioms have equivalents in Chinese idioms due to linguistic, especially cultural differences. Research indicates that there are six translation tactics in translating English idioms into Chinese: literal translation, free translation, compensatory translation, explanational translation, borrowing, ...

In the formally syntax-based MT, a hierarchical tree generated by synchronous CFG rules associates the source sentence with the target sentence. In this paper, we propose a source dependency model to estimate the probability of the hierarchical tree generated in decoding. We develop this source dependency model from word-aligned corpus, without using any linguistically motivated parsing. Our ex...

We take a multi-pass approach to machine translation decoding when using synchronous context-free grammars as the translation model and n-gram language models: the first pass uses a bigram language model, and the resulting parse forest is used in the second pass to guide search with a trigram language model. The trigram pass closes most of the performance gap between a bigram decoder and a much...

Cell-free protein expression is an important tool for a rapid production, engineering and labeling of recombinant proteins. However the complex protocols for preparation of eukaryotic cell-free protein expression systems result in high manufacturing costs and limit their utility. Recently we reported a novel cell-free expression system based on the lysate of a fermentable protozoan Leishmania t...

In this paper, we evaluate Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models in English-Japanese translation task. Various network architectures with different recurrent units are tested. Additionally, we examine the effect of using pre-reordered data for the training. Our experiments show that even simple NMT models can produce better translations compared with all SMT baselines. For NMT models, recover...