Does the Fourth Industrial Revolution pose an existential threat to librarianship? No, it does not. Not any more than other technological innovation (information systems, personal computers, Internet, e-readers, Google, Google Scholar) did. However, what is very likely that technologies emerge from this era will slowly (but surely) lead profound changes in how libraries operate. Those fail unde...

Alchemists, who sought to understand and manipulate the transformations material substances underwent, were challenged in the eighteenth century by attempt to define a rational approach to chemistry. Part of the motivation was to dissociate the emerging investigative techniques of chemical experimentation from the craft tradition associated with alchemical practice. In the 1780s a number of inv...

Ecological impacts of forest vegetation management are highly complex with many interactions. Interactions are bounded on the one hand by hierarchical levels from genes to species to ecosystems and on the other hand by the tools used and the intensity of management applied to each level of possible interactions. Some impacts are easy to measure, but impacts become more difficult to measure and ...