BACKGROUND The analgesic interaction between cannabinoids and local anesthetics has not been investigated. We sought to determine the nature of the interaction between the intrathecal cannabinoid receptor agonist (WIN 55,212-2) and bupivacaine using the formalin test. METHODS Lumbar intrathecal catheters were implanted in male Sprague-Dawley rats. After intrathecal administration of WIN 55,21...

Immunohistochemistry of formalin-fixed human Alzheimer's disease (AD) tissue using an anti-tau antibody (Tau-1) reveals staining of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuritic plaques (NPs), whereas normal axonal staining is less apparent. In this study, we used a combined biochemical and histochemical approach to assess effects of formalin on immunoreactivity of AD tau. Nitrocellulose blots we...

The aim of this work was to verify whether formalin would induce leukocyte recruitment following intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection in rats. Formalin (1.25 - 2.5%) induced cell recruitment, which was concentration- and time-dependent (0 - 24 h). Two peaks of leukocyte recruitment were observed. The first peak (from 2 to 4 h) was characterized by a mixed polymorphonuclear and lymphocyte cell popul...

BACKGROUND The authors evaluated the effect of intrathecal mixture of ginsenosides with neostigmine on formalin-induced nociception and made further clear the role of the spinal muscarinic (M) receptors on the activity of ginsenosides. METHODS A catheter was located in the intrathecal space of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Pain was evoked by injection of formalin solution (5%, 50 µl) to the hindp...

BACKGROUND Numerous studies have implicated spinal extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) as mediators of nociceptive plasticity. These studies have utilized pharmacological inhibition of MEK to demonstrate a role for ERK signaling in pain, but this approach cannot distinguish between effects of ERK in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. The present studies were undertaken to test the speci...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of spinal nitric oxide (NO) to the antinociceptive effects of emulsified sevoflurane in rats. Formalin tests were used to assess the nociceptive response. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the effects of emulsified sevoflurane on formalin-induced changes of Fos-like immunoreactive (Fos-LI)-positive neurons in the spinal...

BACKGROUND Requirements on tissue fixatives are getting more demanding as molecular analysis becomes increasingly relevant for routine diagnostics. Buffered formaldehyde in pathology laboratories for tissue fixation is known to cause chemical modifications of biomolecules which affect molecular testing. A novel non-crosslinking tissue preservation technology, PAXgene Tissue (PAXgene), was devel...

BACKGROUND The isolation of good quality DNA from routinely fixed and processed biopsy samples is crucial for the success of subsequent molecular analysis. AIMS To compare the amount of beta actin DNA extracted from upper gastrointestinal tract biopsies fixed in buffered and unbuffered formalin. METHODS Amounts of beta actin DNA extracted from forceps biopsies of the upper gastrointestinal ...

calcium, through its various channels involves in local, spinal and supra-spinal transmission of pain. in the present study, we investigated the separate and combined treatment effects of verapamil (a calcium channel blocker), morphine (an opioid agonist) and naloxone (an opioid antagonist) on pain in the orofacial region of rats. orofacial pain was induced by subcutaneous (sc) injection of for...

plants from the genus phyllanthus like phyllanthus muellerianus have long been used in folk medicine for several ailments including fevers, toothache, dysmenorrhea, anemia and paralysis. despite these folkloric uses, there is little scientific data supporting the use of this plant in the management of pain. the purpose of this study is to evaluate the aqueous extract of the aerial parts of phyl...